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B > booklet 2- cells + cell transport > Flashcards

booklet 2- cells + cell transport Flashcards

1
Q

what do prokaryotes contain

A
  • circular DNA- not enclosed in nucleus
    -murein cell wall
    -cell surface membrane
    -ribosomes- 70s
    -cytoplasm

MAY CONTAIN:
-slime capsule
-plasmids
-flagella

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2
Q

what type of cells are eukaryotic

A

plants
animals
fungi

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3
Q

what do eukaryotes contain

A
  • linear DNA- enclosed in nucleus
    -cell surface membrane
    -cytoplasm
    -lysosome
    -RER
    -SER
    -chromatins
  • golgi body/apparstus
    -golgi vesicle
    -mitochondria
    -ribosomes-80s

may contain: cell wall w/o murein

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4
Q

what is binary fission

A

reproduction of prokaryotes by asexual reproduction

to produce 2 daughter cells

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5
Q

How does binary fission occur

A
  • replicates circular DNA and plasmids
  • division of cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter cells
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6
Q

what is generation time

A

how long it takes for a bacterial population to double in number

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7
Q

Describe the role of the nucleus

A
  • contains genetic info e.g DNA
    -has nuclear pores to allow communication with cytoplasm
    -linear DNA associated with proteins called histones
  • nucleus controls protein synthesis, controlling function of cell
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8
Q

describe ribosomes

A

-made up of ribosomal RNA ( rRNA) and protein
-present in cytoplasm and on surface of RER
-involved in protein synthesis during translation - to join AA tg

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9
Q

Describe the role of each endoplasmic reticulum

A

RER- ribosomes on surface- produce secretory proteins- sent to golgi body for modification + packaging

SER- no ribosomes- involved in lipid transportation

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10
Q

how does endoplasmic reticulum form an internal transport system in cell

A

contains flattened membrane sacs which form system

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11
Q

describe the functions of golgi apparatus in producing golgi vesicles

A
  • adds carbohydrates to proteins recieved from RER to form glycoproteins

-processes + packages glycoproteins into golgi vesicles for secretion

-produces lysosomes ( type of golgi vesicle which releases hydrolytic enzyme : lysozyme)

  • golgi apparatus abundant in secretory cells
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12
Q

describe functions of lysosome

A
  • digests material from phagocytosis by releasing hydrolytic enzyme

-digests non functioning organelles

-release enzymes outside cell

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13
Q

describe mitochondria

A
  • involved in aerobic respiration to produce ATP
  • rod shaped

know how to label

cristae- folds of inner membrane

matrix ( looks like cytoplasm) - has enzymes for respiration, also contains DNA and ribosomes

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

what do cell wall of algae contain

A

cellulose and/or glycoproteins

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15
Q

what do plant cells contain that animal cells dont

A
  • cellulose cell wall - strength, rigidity and structure

-chloroplasts- contain chlorophyll

  • large vacuole- contain sugars, salts and sometimes pigment

-tonoplast - surrounds vacuole

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15
Q

describe chloroplasts

A
  • only found in photosynthetic plants + algae

-has membrane system - contains thykaloids ( flattened sacs) which forms stacks called grana

^ provides large SA for chlorophyll molecules - absorb light for photosynthesis

-membrane system surrounded by stroma- contains enzymes, sugars, starch

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16
Q

what do cell walls of fungi contain

A

chitin and glyoproteins

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16
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

development of cells into specialised cells

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16
Q

describe how epithelial cells adapted for absorption of digested food

A
  • microvill - large SA
    -numerous mitochondria - provide energy in form of ATP
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17
Q

what are tissues, organs and systems

A

T- group of siimilar cells that perform specific function e.g. epithelial tissue

O- contains diff tissues w specific function e.g stomach

S- contains 2+ organs e.g digestive system

17
Q

describe aim and process of centrifugation

A

-separates structures of diff densities
- centrifuges at diff speeds to separate and isolate diff organelles in a cell

1) cells broken open by grinding (homogenising) a tissue in ice cold, isotonic, buffer solution using blender

2) isotonic - prevents osmotic movement of water in/out orgnanelle - causing to burst/shrivel

3) ice cold - prevents action of enzymes , causing autolysis ( self digestion)

4) buffer- maintains pH so enzymes dont denature

18
Q

Describe process of cell fractionation

A

1) filter centrifuged solution to remove cell debris

2) centrifuge homogenate at low speed - most dense organelles form pellet at bottom

3) supernatant above pellet - contains rest of organelles and is spun at higher speed for longer time

4) repeated with increasing speed and duration to obtain pellets of decreasing densiry

5) isolated in order:
nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes

19
Q

what is the homogenate

A

pellet + supernatant mixed tg

20
Q

describe light microscope

A
  • uses beams of light
  • focused using glass lenses
  • low resolution
    -low magnification
  • less detail - smaller structures not visible
  • specimens can be living
  • image in color
    -prep of specimens easy and quick
  • thin specimen so light can pass through
  • stained to make structures more visible
21
Q

describe electron microscope

A
  • uses beams of electrons
  • focused using magnets
    -high resolution
    -high magnification
  • greater detail -smaller structures visible
  • specimens must be dead
    -image not in colour
  • prep of specimen - complex and time consuming
22
Q

what are the 2 types of electron microscope

A

1) TEM - TRANSMISSION
2) SEM - SCANNING

23
Q

compare and contrast TEM AND SEM

A

TEM has higher resolution than SEM

TEM produces image of internal structures whereas SEM produces image of external structures

TEM - 2D image
SEM - 3D image

in SEM , sections can be thicker than in TEM

24
Q

microscope equation

A

IAM

magnification = image size / actual size

actual = scale bar
image = arrow across organelle

25
Q

microscope unit conversions - usually give micrometres

A

x1000 each time
mm -> μm -> nm

26
Q

what does the cell membrane consist of

A

phospholipid bilayer

protein

27
Q

why is cell surface membrane described as fluid-mosaic model

A

fluid- phospholipid molecules in bilayer always moving

mosaic- protein molecules unevenly distributed

28
Q

describe how partial permeability of cell surface membranes maintained

A

1) hydrophilic heads orientated outwards to fluid
2) hydrophobic tails orientated towards each other
3) very small molecules can diffuse through gaps between phospholipids
4) phospholipid bilayer enables lipid soluble molecules to pass quickly through membrane

29
Q

role of cholesterol in cell surface membrane

A

strength to membrane

regulates membrane fluidity at any temp

prevents lower temps inhibiting fluidity

30
Q

what do carrier proteins do

A
  • tertiary structure complementary to POLAR MOLECULES
  • aid their transport by

active transport or facilitated diffusion

polar molecule binds and CP changes shape to transport

31
Q

channel proteins

A

its charge determine which molecules can be transported by

facilitated diffusion

32
Q

cell signalling by embedded proteins

A

embedded proteins behave as receptors for specific hormones

specific tertiary structure
complementary hormone
bind

33
Q

DIFFUSION

A

net movement of molecules from HIGH CONC to LOW CONC

until molecules are equally distributed / reach equilibrium

passive process ( doesnt require ATP or energy from respiration)

transports lipid soluble molecules

34
Q

how can u increase rate of diffusion

A

higher conc gradient
short diffusion pathway
large SA

35
Q

what is ficks law

A

SA x conc gradient divided by
diffusion distance

36
Q

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

A

allows transport of polar molecules down conc gradient through membrane

involves carrier + channel proteins

passive

not inhibited by respiritory inhibitors

37
Q

how can you increase rate of FD

A

increase n.o carrier/ channel proteins
temp

38
Q

Active transport

A

movement of molecules through partially permeable

by carrier proteins

against conc gradient

requires energy from ATP in respiration

cells involved in AT, require lot of mitochondria for ATP

39
Q

increased rate of active transport

A

higher temp
sufficient Oxygen
more ATP
more mitochondria
(no respiritory/metabolic inhibitors)

40
Q

osmosis

A

net movement of water molecules from solution with HIGH WP ( dilute) to solution with LOW WP (concentrated)

across partially permeable membrane

movement of water from low conc of solute molecules to high conc of solute molecules

41
Q

water potential in terms of concentration

A

high conc = low wp

low conc = high wp

42
Q

what is water potential

A

potential of water molcules to leave a solution by osmosis

water moves from high wp to area of low wp by osmosis

43
Q

water potential of pure water

A

0

44
Q

osmosis and cell turgor

A

water movement occurs down wp gradient

presence of ions in cell - lowers wp in plant cell

water can enter via osmosis

cell vacuole enlarges and vacuole, cytoplasm and cell membrane of plant cell exert an outward turgor pressure on cell wall

cell turgor provides support in many plants

44
Q

dilute solution + cell

A

water potential higher in dilute solution

water moves from high wp to low wp in cell by osmosis

water from solution moves into cell

osmolysis could occur in this cell - causing it to burst

45
Q

concentrated solution + cell

A

water potential higher in cell

water moves out cell from high wp to low wp into solution by osmosis

cell shrivels

46
Q

similarities + differences between chloroplasts + mitochondria

DIRECT COMPARISON

A

similarities:
- both have a double membrane
- both contain short, circular DNA
- their DNA aren’t associated with proteins
- both contain small ribosomes

differences:
- chloroplast has thylakoid which stack to form grana where photosynthesis occurs
BUT mitochondria has folds in inner membrane called cristae

  • fluid in mitochondria= matrix whereas in chlorplast its called stroma
    -chloroplasts have starch grains, mitochondria dont
  • chloroplasts thylakoid membrane contains pigments e.g chlorophyll but mitochondria dont

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