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BIOLOGY > inheritance and evolution pt 2 > Flashcards

inheritance and evolution pt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between SAME species

compete for identical resources in same niche

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2
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between DIFF species

compete for e.g prey, water supply, light etc.

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3
Q

ecosystem

A

consist of a community

and non living components

has biotic and abiotic components

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4
Q

carrying capacity

A

ecosystem can only support certain size of population of a species

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5
Q

what creates variation in population size

A
  • effect of abiotic (non-living) factors
  • interactions between organisms
  • interspecific + intraspecific competition
  • predation
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6
Q

biotic

A

living component

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6
Q

abiotic

A

physical non-living component

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7
Q

biotic producers

A
  • plants convert light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis

-form the basis of all food chains

-biological molecules produced by photosynthesis consumed by other organisms

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8
Q

biotic consumers

A

animals, bacteria or fungi

break down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones

to provide energy for growth

primary consumers: herbivores
secondary/tertiary: carnivores

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9
Q

saprobionts

A

consists of bacteria and fungi

which break down dead organisms

crucial for recycling nutrients in environment

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10
Q

abiotic factors that affect population size

A

light ( affects photosynthesis + affects n.o of plants species in ecosystem)

pH ( affects enzyme activity - affecting growth)

temperature ( affects plants + animals)
low temp- limits photosynthesis
high temp - enzymes denature

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11
Q

random abiotic factors

A

oxygen
water
pollution

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12
Q

community

A

formed by populations of diff species

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13
Q

species occupy a niche
what is a niche?

A

adaptation to biotic and abiotic conditions

(abiotic requirements in habitat and position in food web)

how organism fits into ecosystem

no 2 species will occupy same niche

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14
Q

how can we estimate the size of a population

A
  • randomly placed quadrats or quadrats along belt transect
  • mark-release-recapture method
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15
Q

random sampling

A

1) divide study area into a grid
2) generate coordinates from a random number generator via computer
3) ensuring NO BIAS in results
4) place large number of quadrats at the intersection of each pair of coordinates and record the number of individuals (e.g) of each species present within each quadrat
5) calculate a mean per quadrat
6) multiply by area of m² of field

16
Q

why is it essential to use a large number of quadrats

A

so results are representative of population

17
Q

using belt transect during sampling

A

when environments changing e.g light intensity

when theres a change in habitats and communities

can determine change in species distribution

quadrats placed at intervals along transect

18
Q

how can the abundance of an organism be measured

A

using its frequency or % cover (in quadrat)

19
Q

how can frequency of an organism be measured

A
  • likelihood of it occurring in quadrat
  • number of individuals in each quadrat
20
Q

using quadrats to estimate mean density

A

mean density= total n.o of individuals counted (divided by) no. quadrats x area of each quadrat

21
Q

when is the mark-release-recapture method used

A

measure abundance of mobile (moving species)

22
Q

desrcibe mark-release-recapture method
and include equation

A

1) CAPTURE: representative sample of organisms from population and record the number captured

2) MARK: then they should be marked in a suitable way which doesnt affect their survival e.g no toxic dye, no visible colour for predators to see

3) RELEASE: marked organisms released back into habitat + left to mix randomly within population

4) after suitable amnt of time, 2nd samples captured and n.o of marked individuals is counted to estimate population size

estimated population size =

n.o captured and marked in 1st sample x n.o captured in second sample
DIVIDED BY
n.o captured in 2nd sample and marked

23
Q

what is assumed during mark-release-recapture method to give reliable results

A
  • no migration
  • no reproduction
  • large sample
  • random mixing in population
  • sufficient time between releasing and recapture so dont catch same in 2nd sample
  • marking doesnt affect survival
24
Q

what does low species diversity mean for the ecosystem

A

ecosystem is not v stable

25
Q

what does higher diversity of species mean for the ecosystem

A

more stable - more resources available

26
Q

describe predation

A

type of interspecifc interaction

control population sizes

increase in predator population = causes decrease in prey population (as theyre eaten by more predators)

increase in prey population = increase in predator population

decrease in prey population ( as theyre consumed by predators) = decrease in predator population (less food)

decrease in predator = increase in prey

27
Q

primary succession

A

gradual change in plant + animal communities from colonisation (by pioneer species) to the climax community

28
Q

stages of primary succession

A

1) pioneer species colonise an area first- slow growers- less hostile

2) change an abiotic factor in environment e.g soil - change environment

3) environment becomes less hostile -more suitable for new species - so more species can grow and outcompete the pioneer species - increasing biodiversity - increasing habitats

4) climax communities formed - usually consists of large plants , trees - blocks light so less smaller plants - higher biodiversity - most stable

5) more variety of foods ( more predators + prey) , more competition for survival - more stable

29
Q

what prevents succession

A
  • fires
  • floods
  • grazing- seedlings eaten
  • ploughing- prevent germination - uses herbicides
30
Q

conservation

A

maintenance of biodiversity + genetic diversity within species

maintains habitats and ecosystems variety

preserves species that’d be extinct by formation of climax community

conserve habitats by managing succession

31
Q

why might smth not survive in climax community

A

small size
more competition
little food
abiotic factors not efficient for them

32
Q
A

BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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