Booklet 1 Italy Flashcards
Positives of Secret Societies (3)
- Advocated for more civil liberties
- Most did not want foreign occupation
- spread nationwide
Negatives of Secret Societies (4)
- small scattered groups
- did not want to collaborate
- different ideologies
- didn’t reach the south due to regional differences
Who abdicated because of the 1830 French Revolution? Who replaced him?
Charles X
Louis XVIII - more moderate
Who led the 1830 revolution in Modena and Parma?
Misley
Where did students start to riot in 1830?
Parma
Who organised the 1830 revolt in the Papal States?
The professional classes who hated the Church
What were the reasons for the failure of the 1830-32 Revolutions? (4)
- localised not national
- divided aims
- Austrian Army were too powerful
- relied too much on secret societies
How did Dante contribute to Risorgimento?
Contributed to the development of Italian language
How did Machiavelli contribute to Risorgimento?
Founder of the 19th century nationalist movement against the papacy
By 1840s what industry still dominated Italy?
Agriculture
What was life expectancy in Naples in the 1840s?
24
What did the Reformisti push for in Italy?
Freedom from Austria and reform in Italy
When were there poor harvests?
1820-1840
When was Young Italy formed?
1831
When did Mazzini attempt to invade Savoy?
1834
How many YI members?
50,000
What did Mazzini attempt to do in Piedmont?
Start a mutiny
Was crushed by CA
When did the Bandiera brothers attempt an uprising in Naples? How many members? What was the result?
1844
19 members
Were both shot
What are the successes for YI? (3)
- Attracted Garibaldi in 1831
- YI kept the calls for unity alive
- Mazzini wrote thousands of revolutionary articles
What are the failures for YI? (4)
- Mazzini was absent from Italy for 40 years
- He ignored the peasants
- His 1821/31 revolts failed
- His radical attitudes made foreign powers hesitant
What were the social barriers to unification? (3)
- 90% of population Catholic
- only 2.5% of people speak Italian
- class divides between N/S
What were the economic barriers to unification? (3)
- N/S divide (Lombardy richest state)
- 22 customs stops along river Po
- Reactionary Papal States
What were the political barriers to Unification? (2)
- states governed by completely different rulers (CA vs Ferdinand I)
- all states except Tuscany and Parma seen as reactionary
How many members in the Carbonari?
60,000
Who led the Federati?
Confalcineri
Where did Spillo Negro operate from?
Papal States
What did Balbo argue for?
Federation led by CA
What did Gioberti argue for?
Wanted federation under Pius IX
What did d’Azeglio argue for? What book did he publish and what did it say?
Wanted CA to rule
“On recent events in Romagna” (1846)
Revolution from above
How did growth of liberalism cause the 1848 revolution?
-1847 Statuto created by CA
- Piedmont becomes nationalist hot spot
How did the reforms from the pope cause the 1848 revolution? (5)
- elected in 1846 and released 2000 political prisoners
- “o sommo pius” chanted in street
- entered customs union with Tuscany and Piedmont
- abolished press censorship
- 1847 declared distaste for Austria
How did socioeconomic problems cause the 1848 revolutions? (4)
-90% of population involved in subsistence farming
- 1846-47 maize shortages
- Milan: overcrowding
- 1846 cholera outbreak caused 65,000 deaths
How did unpopularity of Austria cause the 1848 revolutions? (4)
- United nationalists
- 1/3 of taxes for Austrian Empire came from Lombardy/Venitia
- July 1847: troops in Ferrara led to the pope declaring “Lord bless Italia”
- March 1848: Venetia declared itself a republic
What successes happened in Sicily during the 1848 revolution? When?
Jan 1848
- city taken over and 1812 constitution demanded to be restored
What successes happened in Naples during the 1848 revolution? When?
-Jan 1848
Notorious Bourbon officials killed
-King met demands for 1820 constitutions
What successes happened in Tuscany and Rome during the 1848 revolution? When?
Feb 1848
Both granted constitution
What successes happened in Vienna during the 1848 revolution? When?
- March 1848
- Metternich resigns following defeat in Vienna
What successes happened in Milan during the 1848 revolution? When?
‘March 18th
Five Glorious Days’ - 10,000 people presenting demands for reforms
When did CA declare war on Austria?
March 22
When did Pius issue his Papal allocation?
April 29th
When was CA crushed at Custozza?
July 24th
When did Pius call for foreign reinforcements? Who came?
April 1849
Napoleon sent Oudiant with 20,000 troops
When was the peace treaty signed between Austria and a Piedmont?
August 1849
What happened in Modena during the 1830 Revolution?
Revolutionaries took over and established a provisional government
What was the result of Modena and Parma 1830?
Francis IV returned with Austrian Army and crushed the radicals in March 1831
What happened in the Papal States 1830-32 rev?
1831 - Bologna “the government of the Italian provinces was formed” but refused to send help to Modena. Austrian Army then defeated them
What failures happened in the 1848 Sicily revolt?
September - Ferdinand bombs Sicily for 3 days (King Bomba) and parliament surrenders
What failures happened in Naples 1848 revolt?
May 1849, Ferdinand’s autocratic rule is re-established
What failures happened in the Tuscany 1848 rev?
April 1849 - Piedmontese defeat in Novara - decrease in radicalism so Leopold returns
What failures happen in the 1848 rev in Rome?
July - 20,000 French troops enter the city during the siege of Rome despite being held off by Garibaldi for 2 months. Pope returns 1850
Failures of Piedmont rev 1848
July 48 - crushed at Custozza
March 1849, crushed at Novara, CA resigned
