Book of bad arguments WK4 Flashcards

1
Q

argument from consequences

A

speaking for or against the truth of a statement by appealing to the consequences of accepting or rejecting it

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2
Q

Straw man

A

Intentionally caricaturing a person’s argument with the aim of attacking the caricature rather than the actual argument

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3
Q

equivocation

A

exploits the ambiguity of language by changing the meaning of a word during the course of an argument and using the different meanings to support some conclusion

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4
Q

false dilemma

A

an argument that presents a set of two possible categories and assumes that everything in the scope of that which is being discussed, must be an element of that set

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5
Q

appeal to fear

A

plays on the fears of the audience by imagining a scary future that would be of their making if some proposition was accepted

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6
Q

Hasty generalization

A

when one generalises from a sample that is either too small or too special to be representative pf a population

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7
Q

Appeal to ignorance

A

Such an argument assumes a proposition to be true simply because there is no evidence proving that it is not

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8
Q

Not a cause for a cause

A

assumes a cause for an event where there is no evidence that one exists- may occur due to two events correlating on accident or at random

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9
Q

Appeal to irrelevant authority

A

an appeal to ones sense of modesty that they feel others are more knowledgeable

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10
Q

Circular reasoning

A

where one explicitly or implicitly assumes the conclusion is in one or more of the premises

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11
Q

AD Hominem

A

one that attacks the persons character as opposed to the argument

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12
Q

Appeal to the bandwagon

A

uses the fact that a sizeable amount of people believe in something, as evidence that it must be true

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13
Q

Slippery slope

A

attempts to discredit a proposition by arguing that its acceptance will undoubtedly lead to a sequence of one or more events that are undesirable

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14
Q

Appeal to hypocrisy

A

countering a charge with a charge- rather than addressing the issue being raised, they instead divert attention away from the original argument

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15
Q

Affirming the consequent

A

the mode of affirming- 2 premises one conclusion- antecedent and consequence

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16
Q

Guilt by association

A

discrediting an argument for proposing an idea that is shared by some socially demonised individual or group

17
Q

Genetic fallacy

A

when an argument is either devalued or defended solely because of it’s history

18
Q

No true scotsman

A

A general claim may sometimes be made about a category of things. when faced with evidence-challenging that claim, rather than accepting or rejecting the evidence, such an argument counters the challenge by arbitrarily redefining the criteria for membership into that category

19
Q

composition by division

A

inferring that a whole must have a particular attribute because it’s parts happen to have that attribute

20
Q

Proposition

A

a statement that is either true or false but not both

21
Q

Premiss

A

a proposition that provides support to an arguments conclusion

22
Q

Argument

A

a set of propositions that aim at persuading through reasoning

23
Q

Deductive argument

A

an argument in which if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true- conclusion follows with logical nessecity

24
Q

Inductive argument

A

an argument in which if the premises are true then the conclusion is probably also true. Conclusion does not follow with logical nessecity

25
Q

Soundness

A

a deductive argument is sound if it is valid and it’s premises are true

26
Q

Strength

A

an inductive argument is strong if in the case that it’s premises are true, the it is highly probable that its conclusion is also true

27
Q

Cogency

A

an inductive argument is cogent if it is strong and the premises are actually true- if not it is said to be uncogent

28
Q

Falsifiability

A

an attribute of a proposition or argument that allows it to be refuted, or disproved through observation or experiment

29
Q

Logical fallacy

A

an error in reasoning that results in an invalid argument

30
Q

Formal fallacy

A

a logical falllacy who’s form does not conform to the grammar and rules of inference of a logical calculus

31
Q

Validity

A

a deductive argument is valid if it’s conclusion logically follows from it’s premisses