Book Ch. 1

Question 1

Apraxia of speech

Answer 1

Difficulty in motor planning of muscle movements for speech production

Question 2

Dysrarthria of Speech: definition

Answer 2

• A neurologic motor speech impairment that is characterized by slow, weak, imprecise, or uncoordinated movements of the speech musculature.

Question 3

Dysarthria of Speech: characteristics

Answer 3

No singular set of characteristics. Instead, determine by:

1. Age of onset: congenital or acquired
2. Cause: trauma, lesion, or disease that causes damage to CNS or PNS
3. Natural course: developmental, recovering, stable, degenerative, or exacerbating-remitting
4. Site of lesion: CNS, PNS, both
5. Neurological diagnosis of disease
6. Patholophysiology
7. Speech subsystems involved
8. Perceptual characteristics
9. Severity
   10.

Question 4

Types of dysarthrias (7)

Answer 4

1. Flaccid D
2. Spastic D
3. Ataxic D
4. Hypokenetic D
5. Hyperkinetic D
6. Mixed D
7. Variable

Question 5

Flaccid Dysarthria: etiology, locaton, neuromusclar condition

Answer 5

Etiology: Poliomyelitis, stroke, congenital conditions, myasthenia gravis, bulbar palsy, facial palsy, trauma

Location: lower motor neuron

neuromuscular condition: flaccid paralysis, weakness, hypotonia, muscular atrophy, fascilulations

Question 6

Spastic Dysarthria: etiology, locaton, neuromusclar condition

Answer 6

Etiology: stroke, tumor, encephalitis, trauma, spastic cerbral palsy,

Locaton: upper motor neuron

Neuromusclar condition: spastic paralysis, weakness, limited ROM, sloweness of movement

Question 7

Ataxic Dysarthria: etiology, locaton, neuromusclar condition

Answer 7

Etiology: stroke, tumor, trauma, ataxic cerebral palsy, Friedreich’s ataxia, infection, toxic effects (alcohol)

Locaton: cerebellar system

Neuromusclar condition: inaccurate movement, slow movement, hypotonia

Question 8

Hypokinetic Dysarthria: etiology, locaton, neuromusclar condition

Answer 8

Predominately quick:

• Etiology: chorea, infection, Gille de Tourette’s syndrome, Ballism
• Locaton: extrapyramidal system
• Neuromusclar condition: quick, involuntary movements, variable muscle tone

Predominately slow:

• Etiology: athetiosis, infection, stroke, tumor, dystonia, drug induced, dyskinesia
• Location: extrapyramidal system
• Neormuscular condition: twisting/writing movements, slow movements, involuntary movements, hypertonia

Question 9

Mixed Dysarthria: etiology, locaton, neuromusclar condition

Answer 9

Spastic-flaccid:

• Etiology: ALS, trauma, stroke
• Locaton: upper and lower motor neuron
• Neuromusclar condition: weakness, slow movement, limited ROM

Spastic-ataxic-hypokinetic:

• Etiology: Wilson’s disease
• Locaton: upper motor nueron, cerebellar, and extraparymidal
• Neuromusclar condition: intention tremor, rigidity, plasticity, slow movement

Question 10

Variable dysarthria: etiology, locaton, neuromusclar condition

Answer 10

Etiology: MS

Locaton: variable

Neuromusclar condition: variable

Question 11

Apraxia of Speech: etiology, locaton, neuromusclar condition

Answer 11

Etiology: stroke, tumors, trauma

Locaton: dominant hemisphere lesion

Neuromusclar condition: reduced ability in programming the sequence of speech movements