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bio ecology shark and fish unit > boney fish p13-19 > Flashcards

boney fish p13-19 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are some examples of boney fish

A

any fish , seahorses

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2
Q

what are boney fish similar to

A

cartilaginous fish

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3
Q

what is the main difference between boney fish and cartilaginous fish

A

boney fish have swim bladders

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4
Q

what are other differences between boney fish and cartilaginous fish

A

calcium bones , bone scales, and fin rays

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5
Q

how are boney fish fins attached to the body

A

rays instead of lobes

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6
Q

what do boney fish use their pectoral fins for

A

steering and balance

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7
Q

what are chondrostei

A

fish with heterocercal tails and ganoid scales

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8
Q

what are ganoid scales

A

thick and heavy to make the fish look armored

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9
Q

what are neopterygii

A

homocercal tails and cycloid scales

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10
Q

what are cycloid scales

A

thin and manuverable

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11
Q

what is homocercal

A

the dorsal and ventral sides of the caudal fin are of equal lengths

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12
Q

how are bony fish bpdy types determined

A

by their habitat

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13
Q

how do fish swim

A

using myomere muscles along the trunk of their body

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14
Q

what does it mean to be an open ocean fish

A

you are an active swimmer

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15
Q

what fish have fusiform bodytypes

A

tuna and marlin

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16
Q

what fish have laterally compressed bodies

A

butterflyfish and angelfish

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17
Q

what are laterally compressed fish good at

A

efficient in maneuverability through complicated habitats

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18
Q

what are some examples of sedentary fish

A

toadfish scorpionfish and anglerfish

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19
Q

what does it mean to be sedentary

A

they dont move

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20
Q

what fish are globular and what does it mean

A

toadfish scorpionfish and anglerfish have rounded bodies

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21
Q

what cells do fish that have coloration have

A

chromatophores

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22
Q

how can some fish alter their color

A

by moving the pigment to different areas

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23
Q

what do flounders do for camouflage

A

alter their body color

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24
Q

what controls the alteration of pigments

A

hormones and nervous system

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25
Q

what are structural colors produced by

A

light reflecting from iridophores

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26
Q

what are iridophores

A

crystals in the cells that reflect light

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27
Q

what produces the silver / mirror like sheen of most fish

A

iridophores

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28
Q

what is another name for counter shading

A

obliterative colors

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29
Q

what species normally use counter shading and where do they reside

A

tuna marlin swordfish sharks and penguins they live in the open ocean

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30
Q

what bird use countershading

A

penguins

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31
Q

what is countershading

A

dual colors on their body dark on the dorsal side and white on the ventral side

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32
Q

what is countershading used for

A

camouflage

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33
Q

what usually uses disruptive coloring

A

fish that live in coral reefs

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34
Q

what does disruptive coloring use

A

vertical and horizontal lines to break up patterns

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35
Q

what type of coloring makes prey harder to see

A

disruptive coloring

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36
Q

what do predators usually look for on prey that use disruptive coloring

A

they use spots because they look like eyes and in some disruptive coloring they use spots in less fatal areas so they dont die

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37
Q

what is cryptic coloring

A

evolved coloring to mimic their environment

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38
Q

what is cryptic coloring used for

A

hiding from predators and sneaking up on prey

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39
Q

is cryptic coloring permanent

A

yes

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40
Q

what fish has the best cryptic coloring

A

scorpionfish

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41
Q

What is aposematic colors

A

Brightly colored patterns

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42
Q

What are aposematic colors used for

A

Territorial ownership and mating and to warn predators they are too poisonous to eatp

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43
Q

Why do certain species mimic aposematic colors

A

To fool predators into thinking they are poisonous

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44
Q

where are the myomere muscles and what do they do

A

on the trunk (body) and helps propel the fish through water

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45
Q

how do eels move

A

by undulating their whole body, moving like a snake

46
Q

how do sharks move

A

swinging their caudal fin

47
Q

how do flying fish glide through the air

A

expanding their pectoral fins

48
Q

how do swim bladders work

A

offsetting the density of fish bodies allowing them to float up and down the water column

49
Q

what is a gas gland

A

an evolved gland to fill the swim bladder with gasses

50
Q

most fsih must keep swimming to collect what

A

gas

51
Q

what are two fish that do not have swim bladders

A

mackerels and skipjacks

52
Q

what is olfaction

A

pits opening and closing to let water flow in along with scents

53
Q

what fish relies on scent to return tp their birthplace before breeding

A

salmon

54
Q

what fish does not rely on scent to feed

A

pufferfish

55
Q

where are taste receptors located

A

head jaw tongue mouth barbels

56
Q

what are barbels

A

whiskers

57
Q

why do fish have to swallow everything whole

A

so food doesnt clog the gills

58
Q

bony fish rely on what more than any other fish

A

vision

59
Q

how do bony fish focus on objects

A

by moving a lens on their eye back and forth

60
Q

what species can see in color

A

shallow water species

61
Q

what species can see in color

A

shallow water species

62
Q

what species can see in color

A

shallow water species

63
Q

what species can see in color

A

shallow water species

63
Q

what species can see in color

A

shallow water species

63
Q

what species can see in color

A

shallow water species

64
Q

how do pufferfish inflate and why

A

swallowing large amounts or air and water to deter predators

65
Q

why does the pufferfish inflating scare off predators

A

the rapid change in size frightens them or it makes them too large to swallow

66
Q

what do people confuse with pufferfish and what is a key different between the two

A

porcupine fish and they have spines

67
Q

how fast do flying fih glide through the air and how far do they normally make it

A

37mph and they glide to about 100m

68
Q

what does the pearlfish hide inside

A

other creatures bodies

69
Q

what do surgeonfish use to fight off predators

A

extendable spines

70
Q

what do parrotfish do at night and why

A

they secrete a toxic mucous encasing them like a cocoon , masking their scent so morey eels cannot find them

71
Q

how do margerine snails feed on parrot fish blood

A

extending their proboscis through the mucous

72
Q

what fish is extremely toxic and has killed many humans

A

stonefish

73
Q

what toxin is deadlier than tetrodotoxin

A

verrucotoxin

74
Q

how do most open ocean swimmers reproduce

A

broadcast spawning

75
Q

what is broadcast spawning

A

releasing a vast quantity of egg and spearm into the open water

76
Q

what is an advantage of broadcast spawning

A

offspring are numerous and widely dispersed

77
Q

what is a disadvantage of broadcast spawning

A

very high mortality rate for offspring

78
Q

where are benthic spawners mostly found

A

continental shelf or near shorelines close to shore and in reef systems

79
Q

what do benthic spawners do

A

they produce large eggs with a lot of yolk for nutrition and they are laid over areas with vegetation or rocks

80
Q

how do grunions reproduce

A

brood hiding

81
Q

what is a brood hider

A

where they lay eggs on the shore during high tide and then the males come fertilize them

82
Q

why is brood hiding so safe

A

eggs are safe to hatch until next high tide and will be swept into the ocean

83
Q

how do damselfish blennies and gobies reproduce

A

gaurding

84
Q

what are the roles of female and male guarders

A

females lay the eggs while males guard them

85
Q

what are different postures are used to scare fish away

A

raised fins, open mouth, fast darting movement

86
Q

how do jawfish and seahorses reproduce

A

bearers

87
Q

how do female and male jawfish have babies

A

female lays eggs in the males mouth and he will protect them until they hatch

88
Q

how do female and male seahorses make babies

A

the females lay eggs in a pouch on the males abdomen, male fertilizes them and carries them until they hatch

89
Q

what is the only fish that reproduces through viviparity

A

serfperches

90
Q

what are hermaphrodites

A

they produce sperm and eggs at the same time

91
Q

what do hamlets do to avoid self fertilization

A

release sperm and eggs one at a time

92
Q

what are many deep sea creatures and why

A

hermaphrodites because its very hard to find a mate

93
Q

what does it mean for a fish to be sequential

A

can change sexes

94
Q

what is protogyny

A

female to male

95
Q

what is protandry

A

male to female

96
Q

what is anadromous

A

living in saltwater and migrating to freshwater to spawn

97
Q

what is catadromous

A

living in freshwater and migrating to saltwater to spawn

98
Q

what are some examples of anadromous

A

salmon lamprays smelt and bullsharks

99
Q

what do male salmon build and what are they called

A

nests called redds for the eggs

100
Q

where do eels travel to reproduce

A

sargasso sea

101
Q

what fish do we still eat even though its poisonous

A

pufferfish

102
Q

what toxin do pufferfish carry

A

tetrodotoxin

103
Q

tetrodotoxin has the potency to kill how many men

A

20 grown men

104
Q

what fish can accumulate toxins from feeding on fish in areas with what substance

A

groupers and barracuda - blooms of toxic dinoflagellates

105
Q

what is the cost common toxin found in fish

A

ciguatoxin

106
Q

what happens when groupers eat toxic fish

A

the food chain is amplicated

107
Q

where are most cases of ciguatoxin found

A

australia caribbean and coastal florida

108
Q

what is the treatment used for ciguatoxin

A

mannitol

bio ecology shark and fish unit (4 decks)

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