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ISAP (HUMB1002) > Bones & skeletal sys > Flashcards

Bones & skeletal sys Flashcards

1
Q

Intra-

A

within

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2
Q

meso-

A

middle

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3
Q

os- / osteo-

A

bone

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4
Q

peri-

A

around

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5
Q

-blast

A

create

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6
Q

-clast

A

break down

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7
Q

-cyte

A

a cell

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8
Q

chondro-

A

cartilage

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9
Q

4 tissue types of skeletal system

A

bones, cartilage, ligament, tendon

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10
Q

6 major functions of skeletal system

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. assistance w/ movement
  4. mineral homeostasis
  5. produce blood cells
  6. store triglyceride (energy)
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11
Q

a-

A

not / none

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12
Q

2 ways cartilage grows

A
  1. Appositional: cartilage added to outside of existing cartilage
  2. Interstitial: chondrocytes (in matrix) divide & add more matrix b/w chondrocytes
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13
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces where chondrocytes lie

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14
Q

acellular matrix of cartilage consist of…

A

dense network of collagen & elastic fibres, and chondrocytes w/in lacunae

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15
Q

how is cartilage made?

A

chondroblasts produce matrix => once surrounded by matrix changes name to chondrocytes (located in lacunae)

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16
Q

bone matrix includes

A

(35%) organic [collagen & proteoglycan] & (65%) inorganic [hydropyapatite]

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17
Q

Formation of bone matrix by…

A

ostification/osteogenesis from osteoblast. Osteoblast (E.R & golgi) produce & release collagen. Precursors of hydroxyapatite (in vesicles) released

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18
Q

2 ways bone grows

A

1st. Woven: collagen fibres randomly arranged (foetal develop. & initial fracture repair)
2nd. Lamellar: woven bone is broken down by osteoclast & reformed into lamellae (thin sheets). Each lamellae has collagen fibres parallel to each other, but in different lamellae CF at diff. directions

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19
Q

2 Types of bone formation (ossification)

A
  1. Intramembranous: w/in CT membranes e.g. skull bones

2. Endochondral: w/in cartilage template e.g. base of skull

20
Q

4 classification of bones according to shape

A
  • long: upper & lower limbs
  • Short: carpal (wrist) & tarsals
  • Flat: ribs, sternum, skull, scapul
  • Irregular: vertebrae, facial
21
Q

2 types of bone

A
  • Spongy/cancellous/trabecular: pores (trabecullae).&raquo_space; weight bearing
  • Compact/Cortical: contain osteon/Haversian sys.
22
Q

Describe structure of osteon in compact bone

A
  1. central/haversian canal
  2. Lammellae: circumfrential (around central canal) & interstitial (in b/w osteons)
  3. Perforating/Volkmann’s canal: small horizontal canal - transmit blood vessels from periosteum to haversian canal
23
Q

types of bone structures

A
  1. Flat: no diaphysis & epiphysis. Sandwich of spongey & compact bone (skull, ribs, sternum)
  2. short & irregular: compact bone surrounding spongey bone (like epiphysis). No diaphysis (vertebrae, carpals, tarsals)
  3. has Long: epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) /line (kids/adults). (e.g bones of limbs)
24
Q

Blood Calcium homeostasis

A
  • Low levels: PTH stimulates osteoclast to break bone
  • Hi levels: Calcitonin (from parafollicular cells in Thyroid gland) decreases osteoclast activity. & osteoblast make new bone
25
Q

why are Ca2+ needed by the body?

A
  1. release neurotransmitters
  2. muscle contraction
  3. blood clotting (enzyme cofactor)
26
Q

bone formation marker

A

osteocalcin (hormone secreted by osteoblast) promotes insulin secretion & improves insulin sensitivity & testosterone production

27
Q

what are the areas of bone that allow for smooth articulation?

A

Condyle: smooth rounded articular surface

& facet: small flattened articular surface

28
Q

3 Major classifications of joints & its sub groups.

A
  1. Fibrous = non-moveable.
  2. Cartilaginous = slightly moveable. hyaline
  3. Synovial = freely moveable
29
Q

Characteristics & subclassification of Fibrous joints

A

Unite 2 bones w/ Fibrous CT, no joint cavity, little/no movement. Gomphosis (teeth joints), Sutures, syndesmosis (radioulnar)

30
Q

Characteristics & subclassification of cartilaginous joints

A

unite 2 bones w/ cartilage, little/no movement, permanent/replaced by synchondrosis. Hyaline CJ (epiphyseal plate), fibrocartilage J (symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs)

31
Q

Characteristics & features of synovial joints

A

contain synovial fluid, complex joints, moveable. Most joints unite appendicular skeleton & greater mobility than axial

32
Q

angular movements

A
  1. flexion: bend anteriorly from coronal plane
  2. extension: straighten/bend posteriorly to coronal plane
    * except w/ knee
  3. FOOT: dorsiflexion (up) and plantar flexion (down)
  4. Abduction
  5. Adduction
33
Q

Circular movements

A
  1. Medial & lateral Rotation
  2. Pronanation & supination
  3. circumduction
34
Q

special pair movements

A
  1. elevation (up) & depression (down shoulders) *shoulder joints can’t
  2. protraction (underbite) & retraction (overbite)
  3. Inversion (tilt foot -> midline) & eversion (rotate away midline)
  4. Opposition (touch fingertips w/ thumb) & reposition (relax to normal)
35
Q

tronchanter

A

large projection

36
Q

tuberosity

A

rounded projection

37
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression

38
Q

Foramen

A

opening

39
Q

Crest

A

prominent ridge

40
Q

process

A

prominent projection

41
Q

meatus

A

passageway

42
Q

Head

A

enlarged & rounded end

43
Q

neck

A

b/w head and body

44
Q

condyle

A

large rounded protuberance (bone protrudes from bone)

45
Q

fissure

A

narrow slit

ISAP (HUMB1002) (12 decks)

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