Bones (osteology) and Joints (Arthrology) Flashcards
What is Osteology
The study of bones, related to the skeletal system (in association to the articular and muscular system) which forms locomotor apparatus
What’s skeleton mean
The framework of hard structures which support/protect animals soft tissues
Exoskeleton vs Endoskeleton
Exo: Harder structures are external, derived from ectoderm
Endo: Embedded in the tissue internally, derived from mesoderm
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of
Thoracic limb and Pelvic limb
What are the 6 classification of bones including their shape and function
- Long bones: elongated cylindrical part, shaft/diaphysis (encloses the medullary cavity (canal)), two expanded extremities or epiphysis. Found in limbs, act as pillars for support and as levers eg femur
- Flat bones: made up of varying thickness of spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone. Has large surface area for the attachment of muscles and protects subjacent structures. Eg. Scapula
- Short bones: presents similar dimensions, thin outside compact bone outside, spongy bone inside. Helps diffuse concussion cause of missing medullary cavity. Eg. Carpals
- Sesamoid bones: short bones, don’t bear weight, developed in capsules of joints or tendons. Alters direction and gives leverage to tendons eg. Patella
- Irregular bones: irregular shape, placed on median line, resemble short bones in structure eg. Vertebraes
- Pneumatic bones: contains air spaces which are lined by mucous membrane (sinuses). In the fowl, many bone are pneumatic (sternum, humerus, vertebrae, femur) and receive air thru the medium of air sacs
What is arthrology
The study of joints
What are joints
Structures created by the union of 2 or more bones/cartilages
3 ways joints are classified based on the type of tissue
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
What are fibrous joints and the 2 main types
Where the articulated inter zone is made up of fibrous connective tissue, no articular cartilage and lacks articular cavity
1. Sutures- flat bones in skull
2. Syndesmoses- between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula
What is cartilaginous joints and there two types
Where bones are connected by cartilage
1. Synchondroses: bones joined by hyaline cartilage
eg. physical plates
2. Symphyses: bones connected by cartilaginous joints
eg. pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
What are synovial joints and the 6 different types
- Ball and Socket (spheriod): 3 axes eg. Hip and shoulder
- Saddle (sellar)- movement in 2 axes eg. Carpal, vertebrae
- Condylar: movement in 1 axis eg. Knee or jaw
- Pivot- turns head side to side
- Hinge- one axis movement eg. Elbow, fetlock
- Plane- movement in single plane eg. Carpus
The types of joint movements and what synovial joints allows it
- Flexion/Extension: moving angles between bones
Eg. Hinge, Saddle, Ball and Socket, Condylar - Rotation: Turning around a central axis
Eg. Pivot, Ball and Sockey
-Abduction/Adduction: moving away or to body’s centraline
Eg. Saddle, Ball and Socket, Condylar
-Circumduction: circular movement
Eg. Ball and Socket
-Gliding/Sliding
Eg. Plane
