Bones, Muscles, Joints, Nervous System Flashcards
On average, how many bones in the human body
206
Name the 4 distinct layers of a Bone
Periosteum, Compact Bone (Cortical Bone), Cancellous (Spongy) Tissue, Bone Marrow
What are the 5 types of bones in the human body?
Long Bones, Short Bones, Irregular Bones, Flat Bones, Sesamoid Bones
What type of bone is the sacrum?
Irregular
What type of bone is the Patella?
Sesamoid
What type of bone is the Scapula? (Shoulder Blade)
Flat
What type of bone is the Humerus?
Long
What type of bone are the carpals / tarsals?
Short
What is the primary purpose of FLAT Bones?
Protecting organs (Ribs, Skull, Pelvis)
What is the Secondary purpose of FLAT Bones?
Primary production centres of red blood cells
Where are sesamoid bones embedded?
Within a tendon
What’s the purpose of Tuberosity, Tubercles and Processes?
Attachment sites on the bone for tendons
What is the Spine of a Bone?
Long, thin projection serving as a muscle attachment site. On the scapula, many muscles of the shoulder girdle attach to the spine of the Scapula.
What is the purpose of Bone Marrow?
Production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. (Important for blood clotting)
What is the Condyle of the bone?
The cartilage covered round ends that form the joint surface. The condyles of the humerus create part of the joint surface with the elbow.
What is the fossa of a bone?
Concave or bowl shaped depression in which another anatomical structure sits. eg. the fossa of the scapula houses the belly of the supraspinatus.
What is the glenoid fossa?
The fossa responsible for the articulation of the shoulder joint.
What purpose does a Notch or Groove have on a bone?
Serves as a pathway for tendons, nerves, arteries and veins.
Name 6 types of Synovial Joints in the body
Hinge, Gliding, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball & Socket
How does a Hinge Joint articulate?
Hinge joints only articulate in one anatomic plane. eg. Elbow
How does a Pivot Joint articulate?
Rotation. eg. Atlas and Axis in the cervical spine.
How does a Ball & Socket Joint articulate?
Along an infinite number of axis. Most mobile joints in the body. Eg. Hip & Shoulder
What is the name of the bowl-like socket in the pelvis?
Acetabulum
How does a Gliding Joint articulate?
One plane of motion, carpals in the hand are gliding
How do Saddle and Condyloid joint articulate?
Concave surface of one bone sliding over the convex surface of another. This allows for motion in 2 planes.
Name the 4 parts of a Synovial Joint
Joint Capsule, Synovial Membrane, Synovial Fluid, Hyaline Cartilage.
Where does the Joint Capsule attach to the bone?
At the periosteum
How many layers to a Joint Capsule?
- Outer and Inner.
Describe the Outer Layer of a Joint Capsule
Dense & Fibrous, many nerve endings but poor blood supply.
Describe the Inner Layer of a Joint Capsule
Rich blood supply but poorly innervated. Acts as entry points for nutrients to the joint as well as exit point for waste materials.
What is the primary purpose of the Synovial Membrane?
Produce and secrete Synovial Fluid for lubricating the joint.
Name the 2 types of cartilage found in a joint.
Fibrocartilage and Hyaline Cartilage
What is Hyaline Cartilage?
Smooth, pearly white cartilage covering the synovial joint surfaces.
What is the purpose of Hyaline Cartilage?
Decrease friction within the joint and provide a sliding surface for the bones to move across.
Can Hyaline Cartilage repair itself?
No, it has no blood supply. The bone underneath is highly vascular and can aid the process
What is the purpose of Fibrocartilage in joints?
Shock absorbing and joint congruency
Can Fibrocartilage repair itself?
Maybe. Depends on the amount of damage and location.
Where can you find Smooth Muscle?
In the walls of organs, digestive tract and urinary system.
Is Smooth Muscle voluntarily or involuntarily controlled
Involuntarily.
Where can you find Cardiac Muscle?
Heart.
Is Cardiac Muscle voluntarily or involuntarily controlled?
Mostly involuntary with some voluntary control.
Where can you find Skeletal muscle?
Any muscle you can see or control is skeletal muscle. It’s responsible for human movement.
Is Skeletal Muscle voluntarily or involuntarily controlled?
Voluntary. Initiation, magnitude and termination is controlled by the individiual.
What is the name given to the general structure of Skeletal Muscle
Striated
What is a muscle composed of?
MUSCLE FIBERS (myofibril) contained inside FASCICLES which make up an entire muscle
How does a muscle contract and release?
When actin and myosin filament unite and pull towards each other, this causes a shortening and thickening of the muscle fiber which in turn causes a shortening of the fascicle and therefore the muscle as a whole.
True or False: The number of muscle fibers recruited will be determine the overall force of contraction required.
True. The greater force required, the greater the muscle fibers that will respond.
What is the purpose of a tendon?
Attaches muscle to bone
What is a flat sheet-like tendon called?
Aponeuroses
What is the Origin of a muscle?
The fixed location of a muscle.
What is the Insertion of a muscle?
The moving body segment
What is a ligament?
A fibrous connection of bone to bone
Where would you find Ligaments?
Often found across a joint.
What is the purpose of a Ligament?
Supports stability of the joint
What is a sprain?
Tearing or a ligament of joint capsule.
Explain the 3 grades of SPRAINS
Grade 1: Mild with little to no tearing and no stability issues.
Grade 2: Some tearing and potential risk of joint instability.
Grade 3: Complete tear or rupture of the ligament or joint capsule.
Explain the 3 grades of STRAINS
Grade 1: Mild with little to no tearing.
Grade 2: Tearing, severe muscle pain and tenderness.
Grade 3: Complete rupture, severe pain and complete loss of function
How can a Chronic Strain occur?
Overuse or excessive stress, resulting in inflammation of the tendon (tendonitis)
Name the 3 types of muscular contractions
Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric
Define a Concentric Contraction
When the tension of the muscle is great enough to overcome the load on the muscle.
Does the muscle shorten or lengthen in a Concentric Contraction?
Shorten
Define an Eccentric Contraction
When tension is maintained in a muscle and the length of the muscle increases. Occurs if the load on a muscle is greater than the tension generated in the muscle.
Does the muscle shorten or lengthen in a Eccentric Contraction?
Lengthen.
Define an Isometric Contraction
When tension in the muscle neither yields or overcomes to the load on the muscle.
Does the muscle shorten or lengthen in an Isometric Contraction?
Neither.
What is Rhabdomyalysis?
Excessive breakdown of muscle tissue. Myoglobin enters the bloodstream, overwhelms the kidneys and causes renal failure.
What are the symptoms of Rhabdomyolysis?
Severe muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, dark red urine.
How is Rhabdomyolysis diagnosed?
Testing the Creatine Kinase (CK or CPK) levels of the blood.
How is Rhabdo treated?
Generous amounts of intravenous fluids to dilute and flush the myoglobin through the kidneys.
How do you reduce the risk of Rhabdo occurring?
Gradual introduction to intensity, Avoiding excessive “negative” movements, eat and drink plenty of water after workouts,
What is Compartment Syndrome?
When an area of soft tissue that is encased in non-expansible connective tissue experiences swelling exceeding the pressure of blood circulating in the small capillaries within the compartment. The ischemia kills the soft tissue, this can then release myoglobin into the blood.
Where does Compartment Syndrome usually occur?
In the muscle compartments of the extremities.
How does Compartment Syndrome occur?
Usually from crush injuries or long bone fractures, sometimes from intense exercise.
What are the 2 big components of the Central Nervous System?
Brain & Spinal Cord
Where is all voluntary activity co-ordinated?
The Brain
What is the purpose of the spinal cord?
To transport voluntary signals from the brain to and from the peripheral nerves.
What does the Spinal Cord control?
Involuntary reflexes such as knee jerk
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
The nerves extending off the Spinal Cord
What does the Peripheral Nervous System do?
Transmits motor signals from the CNS to the muscles involved in a movement. The sends sensory information back to the CNS to provide feedback.
What is a Motor Unit?
Motor neurons connecting to the individual muscle fibers
What is the purpose of the Motor End Plate?
Causes a chemical reaction to initiate muscle contraction
How are Voluntary Muscle Contractions initiated?
> > Initiated in the motor cortex of the brain
Signals are carried along the descending motor pathway of the spinal cord to the peripheral nerves that control the involved muscles
Motor signals continue along the axons of the peripheral motor neurons and initiate the release of chemical mediators at the motor end plate
This causes the actin and myosin proteins to form cross-bridges
This causes the myofilament to shorten
What are the normal CK (CPK) levels in the blood stream?
24–170 U/mL
What is aspartate aminotransferase (AST)?
Blood test to check liver damage
What ranges are AST usually found in the body?
5–40 U/L
In bloodwork what is alanine transaminase
An enzyme found mostly in the liver
What ranges are ALT usually found in the body?
4–41 U/L
How does Compartment Syndrome present if seen in the gym?
Pain and localised swelling, loss of motor control
