Bones & Joints Flashcards
Intramebranous ossification is ?
Process by which flat bones of the skull are formed. Osteoblasts lay down bone between two layers of fibrous connective tissue.
Endochondral ossification
involves the replacement of a hyaline cartilage model within the embryo by bone. The process starts in the developing embryo but is not completed fully until the animal has reached maturity and growth has ceased. Long bones of the limb develop by this method
briefly describe the 6 steps in endochondral ossification
- A cartilage model develops within the embryo 2. Primary centres of ossification appear in the diaphysis or shaft of the bone 3. Secondary centres of ossification appear in the epiphyses or ends of the bone 4. Osteoclasts then start to remove bone from the centre of the diaphysis to form the marrow cavity, while the osteoblasts continue to lay down bone in the outer edges also between the diaphysis and epiphysis a narrow band of cartilage persists. This is the growth plate or epiphyseal plate, which allows the bone to lengthen whilst the animal is growing 5. while animal is still growing, distal growth plate becomes fused while proximal growth plate remains open. 6. when the animal has reached its final size, bone growth stops and the epiphyseal plate is then said to have ‘closed’ and the time at which it happens is different for each type of bone.
examples of long bones..?
femur, humerus, and also include the bones of the metacarpals/ metatarsals
Flat bones eg’s..?
flat bones of the skull, scapula and ribs
Short bones eg’s..?
carpal and tarsal bones
Irregular bones eg’s..?
vertebrae
define Tuberosity/trochanter/tubercle
protuberance on bones which are usually for the attachment of muscles
define Trochlear
Bony structures through or over which tendons pass; they are usually grooves in the bone and they allow tendons to act as pulleys
define condyle
A rounded projection on a bone, usually for articulation with another bone
define epicondyle
A projection of bone on the lateral edge above its condyle
define foramen
An opening or passage into or through a bone, e.g. to allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves
define Fossa
A hollow or depressed area on a bone
define Head, neck and shaft
Head is proximal part of the bone, wider area usually for articulation, followed by a narrowing the neck and then the main part of the bone is the shaft
the synovial joint contains what?
articular cartilage joint cavity joint capsule
what are the 3 cartilaginous joints? eg?
- hyaline cartilaginous eg. base of skull & hyoid bone - fibrocartilaginous eg. between 2 halves of pelvis or mandibles - ossified junctions eg. equine radius & ulna
Label the diagram
Name the structures
fibrous immovable joints are known as ?
Synarthroses
types of Synarthrosis joints? eg’s?
Syndesmoses eg. dewclaws
Sutures eg. serrate, plane, squamous, foliate
gomphosis eg. teeth in sockets
name the joint and describe its plane of movement. eg?
hinge joint. movement occurs in one plane only ie. flexion & extension eg. elbow or stifle
name the joint and describe its plane of movement
plane/gliding joint. sliding one bony surface over another. eg. between rows of carpal & tarsal bones
name the joint and describe its plane of movement
pivot joint. peg in ring - allows rotation. eg. atlanto-axial joint (between C1 & C2)
name the joint and describe its plane of movement
condylar joint. convex surface (condyles) in concave surface allows flexion, extension & over extension eg. hock or (tarsus)
name the joint and describe its plane of movement
spheroidal joint (ball & socket) allows a great range of movement eg. hip or shoulder
name the general structure & explain its role
Synovial bursae - Are located at sites, where muscles, tendons or ligaments pass over tissues or change direction over bony prominences.
name the general structure & explain its role
Synovial tendon sheath – double layered, elongated tubes which enclose tendons. This reduces friction during movement and protects the tendon against pressure
