Bones & Joints

Question 1

What is the axial skeleton?
What bones does it consist of?

Answer 1

upright skeleton
skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum

Question 2

What is the appendicular skeleton?
What bones does it consist of?

Answer 2

appendages
UE, LE, ilium, pelvis

Question 3

What is the structure of bones?

(three parts)

Answer 3

diaphysis
epiphysis
periosteum

Question 4

What are the joint classifications?

Answer 4

Fibrous joint
Carilaginous joint
Synovial joint

Question 5

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

Answer 5

Suture (synarthrosis)
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis

Question 6

What is a suture joint?
Give an example.

(synarthrosis)

Answer 6

tight joint, little motion
skull

Question 7

What is a gomphosis?
Give an example.

Answer 7

joint “bolted together”
teeth

Question 8

What is a syndesmosis?
Give an example

Answer 8

ligamentous joint
tibia/fibula; raidus/ulna*

*dist portion, prox portion is synovial

Question 9

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

What is another term for cartilaginous joints?

Answer 9

sychondroses, symphysis

amphiarthrosis

Question 10

What tissue comprises syncondroses?
Give an example.

Answer 10

hyaline/articular cartilage
intercostal cartilage

Question 11

What tissue composes symphysis?
Give an example.

Answer 11

Fibrocartilage
vertebral discs

Question 12

What are the four types of synovial joints?

Answer 12

• nonaxial
• uniaxial
• biaxial
• multiaxial

Question 13

What is another name for synovial joints?

Answer 13

diarthrodal

Question 14

Define a synovial joint.

Answer 14

allows for free motion and has no direct union between bone ends
surrounded by capsular membrane and filled with fluid

Question 15

Define a nonaxial joint.

Give an example.

Answer 15

gliding joint: motion occurs secondary to other motion

carpals

Question 16

Define a uniaxial joint.*

What are the two types? Give examples of each.

*how many planes of motion?

Answer 16

one plane of motion

hinge, pivot
hinge: IP jt
pivot: dens/atlas/axis

Question 17

Define a biaxial joint.*

What are the two types? Give an example of each.

*how many planes of motion?

Answer 17

two planes of motion

condyloid, saddle
condyloid: wrist (flex/ext, RD/UD)
saddle (concave/convex): CMC

Question 18

Define a multiaxial joint.*

What is the one type? Give an example.

*how many planes of motion?

Answer 18

three+ ranges of motion

ball and socket
hip, shoulder

Question 19

What are the two components major of a synovial joint?

Answer 19

joint capsule
articular/hyaline cartilage

Question 20

What are the two parts of the joint capsule, and what are they composed of?

Answer 20

outer layer: fibrous tissue
inner layer: synovial membrane

Question 21

What is the function of the fibrous outer layer of a synovial joint?

What is its innervation/vascularization?

Answer 21

support and protection
richly innervated, richly

vascularized

Question 22

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

What is its innervation/vascularization?

Answer 22

secrete synovial fluid to lubricate the cartilage

poorly innervated, richly vascularized

Question 23

What is the function of the articular/hyaline cartilage?

What is its innervation/vascularization?

Answer 23

cover ends of opposing bones and reduce friction

poorly innervated, poorly vascularized

Question 23

What are ALL the components of a synovial joint?

Answer 23

• tendon
• ligament
• bursa
• fibrocartilage disc
• labrum

Question 24

What are the two types of joint motion?

Answer 24

osteokinematic (visible motion) arthrokinematic (internal, non-vsibible motion)

Question 25

What are the three types of arthrokinematic motion? Define each.

Answer 25

* roll: new points on one surface contact new points on opposing surface * glide: one point on one surface contacts multiple points on opposing surface * spin: rotation on a fixed adjacent surface

Question 26

What are the two joint surface positions? Define each.

Answer 26

close-packed position: jt surfaces maximally touching and ligaments maximally taut loose-packed position: joint surfaces free to move; i.e., open-packed, resting

Question 27

What are the three types of end feel? Define each.

Answer 27

firm: stretch at end of range hard: bone on bone at end of range soft: soft tissue contact at end of range

Question 28

What are examples of abnormal end feels?

Answer 28

empty: no end feel; e.g. tendon tear, fracture, pain firm: increased tone, tight capsule; e.g., adhesive capsulities hard: bone on bone; e.g., OA, bones spurs soft: e.g., edema