Bones, Bone Injuries, Bone Injury Treatment

Question 1

What are the main ingredients of bone?

Answer 1

Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water

Question 2

Fill in the blank:

In bone, the minerals provide ________ and strength in resisting compression and the collagen provides ___________ and strength in resisting tension

Answer 2

Stiffness
Flexibility

Question 3

The complex network of blood vessels in bone is called the ________ __________

Answer 3

Haversian System

Question 4

___________ allows bone to resist tensile forces

Answer 4

Calcium

Question 5

The __________ site of bone serves as an attachment site for ligaments and muscles

Answer 5

Epiphysis

Question 6

The ends of bone are covered by _________ __________

Answer 6

Hyaline cartilage

Question 7

The epiphysis of bone is porous. This is important because __________________

Answer 7

It allows the movement of fluids

Question 8

The growth plate in bone is located at the _______________ of a long bone

Answer 8

Metaphysis

Question 9

Growth continues unitl age _____

Answer 9

21

Question 10

The _________ of a long bone is often the site of soft tissue injuries. Why?

Answer 10

Epiphysis. It is the site where bone changes shape and changes direction

Question 11

What are the 5 main functions of bone?

Answer 11

• body support
• organ protection
• movement
• calcium resevior ]
• formation of blood cells (haemopoiesis)

Question 12

Bone is strongest in resisting _______ (type of force)

Answer 12

Compression

Question 13

Fractures are classified by the following:

Answer 13

• anatomical site
• mechanism of injury
• extend of the injury to surrounding soft tissues

Question 14

Briefly distinguish the 7 types of fractures discussed in class.

Answer 14

• Avulsion (tendon or ligament pulling a bone fragment off - caused by a sudden powerful twist or stretch)
• epiphyseal fracture (growth plate fracture that could disrupt the normal growth)
• Traumatic (caused by a direct blow or sudden force to the bone)
• stress and fatigue (caused by a sudden or applied force to the bone)
• pathological (fracture to a bone that is already weakened)
• open fracture/compound fracture (communication between the fractured bone and the exterior of the body)
• closed fracture/simple fracture (no communication between the fractured bone and the exterior of the body)

Question 15

Why might not pain be a good indicator of severity of injury?

Answer 15

It is very subjective

Question 16

What is ‘reduction’? (A fracture treatment)

Answer 16

Manually putting the bone back into place (can be done manually or when under anesthesia)

Question 17

Explain complex regional pain syndrome. (A negative side effect of casting and immobilization)

Answer 17

The injury continues to swell under the cast, which compresses other tissues, which disrupts nerve and blood supply, which then may lead to tissue death

Question 18

What is a red flag or access swelling under a cast?

Answer 18

A decrease in pulse

Question 19

Avascular Necrosis is __________________

Answer 19

Death of tissue or bone due to disruption of blood flow to the area

Question 20

A _________ fracture usually results in avascular necrosis

Answer 20

Scaphoid

Question 21

How do you preserve function in a limb, while in a cast?

Answer 21

• move joints above and below the fracture site to ensure increased circulation
• perform isometric and isotonic exercises
• compression is important to promote density

Question 22

How do you preserve function, when out of the cast?

Answer 22

-stretching and strengthening the affected joints
-ensure a gradual return to normal activities
- make exercise relevant to the patients occupation and/or activities

Question 23

A stress fracture is also known as a _________ __________

Answer 23

Fatigue fracture

Question 24

What are some possible causes of a stress fracture?

Answer 24

• repeated low magnitude stress
• overload on a bone from muscle contraction
• muscle imbalance
• increased ground reaction forces
• decreased estrogen levels during menopause

Question 25

What does the treatment for a stress fracture include?

Answer 25

Rest from activites
Replace activities with less forceful ones
Modify potential causes of the injury, such as equiptment

Question 26

What are some common sites of dislocations?

Answer 26

Patella, shoulder, elbow, finger, hip

Question 27

What are the signs and symptoms of a dislocation?

Answer 27

-joint deformity and swelling
-complete disruption of all the soft tissues
- palpable tenderness throughout the joint
- limited active ROM
- marked functional impairment
-

Question 28

What does the treatment of the dislocation include?

Answer 28

• splint and immbolizing until you get help
• limit BF
• x ray
• reduction, another x ray, reduction again if necessary, another reduction

Question 29

What is a sublexation?

Answer 29

A partial displacement of an end of a bone from a joint

Question 30

(???)Sublexations also result in damage to surrounding:

Answer 30

Joint capsule, ligaments, surrounding mm.