Bones, Bone Injuries, Bone Injury Treatment Flashcards
What are the main ingredients of bone?
Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, and water
Fill in the blank:
In bone, the minerals provide ________ and strength in resisting compression and the collagen provides ___________ and strength in resisting tension
Stiffness
Flexibility
The complex network of blood vessels in bone is called the ________ __________
Haversian System
___________ allows bone to resist tensile forces
Calcium
The __________ site of bone serves as an attachment site for ligaments and muscles
Epiphysis
The ends of bone are covered by _________ __________
Hyaline cartilage
The epiphysis of bone is porous. This is important because __________________
It allows the movement of fluids
The growth plate in bone is located at the _______________ of a long bone
Metaphysis
Growth continues unitl age _____
21
The _________ of a long bone is often the site of soft tissue injuries. Why?
Epiphysis. It is the site where bone changes shape and changes direction
What are the 5 main functions of bone?
- body support
- organ protection
- movement
- calcium resevior ]
- formation of blood cells (haemopoiesis)
Bone is strongest in resisting _______ (type of force)
Compression
Fractures are classified by the following:
- anatomical site
- mechanism of injury
- extend of the injury to surrounding soft tissues
Briefly distinguish the 7 types of fractures discussed in class.
- Avulsion (tendon or ligament pulling a bone fragment off - caused by a sudden powerful twist or stretch)
- epiphyseal fracture (growth plate fracture that could disrupt the normal growth)
- Traumatic (caused by a direct blow or sudden force to the bone)
- stress and fatigue (caused by a sudden or applied force to the bone)
- pathological (fracture to a bone that is already weakened)
- open fracture/compound fracture (communication between the fractured bone and the exterior of the body)
- closed fracture/simple fracture (no communication between the fractured bone and the exterior of the body)
Why might not pain be a good indicator of severity of injury?
It is very subjective
What is ‘reduction’? (A fracture treatment)
Manually putting the bone back into place (can be done manually or when under anesthesia)
Explain complex regional pain syndrome. (A negative side effect of casting and immobilization)
The injury continues to swell under the cast, which compresses other tissues, which disrupts nerve and blood supply, which then may lead to tissue death
What is a red flag or access swelling under a cast?
A decrease in pulse
Avascular Necrosis is __________________
Death of tissue or bone due to disruption of blood flow to the area
A _________ fracture usually results in avascular necrosis
Scaphoid
How do you preserve function in a limb, while in a cast?
- move joints above and below the fracture site to ensure increased circulation
- perform isometric and isotonic exercises
- compression is important to promote density
How do you preserve function, when out of the cast?
-stretching and strengthening the affected joints
-ensure a gradual return to normal activities
- make exercise relevant to the patients occupation and/or activities
A stress fracture is also known as a _________ __________
Fatigue fracture
What are some possible causes of a stress fracture?
- repeated low magnitude stress
- overload on a bone from muscle contraction
- muscle imbalance
- increased ground reaction forces
- decreased estrogen levels during menopause
