Bones, bone development, and joints Flashcards
long bones
Diaphysis and epiphysis
femer, ulna, phalanges, metacarpals
short bones
Carpals
flat bones
bones of the skull (calvaria)
Irregular bones
Vertebrae and some facial bones
sesamoid bones
patella
Diaphysis
shaft
elongated and may have medullary cavity
Epiphysis
ends
separated from diaphysis by a growth plate
Periosteum
outer fibrous connective tissue covering of bone
continuous with connective tissue coverings of muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Parts of the long bone
diaphysis epiphysis periosteum endosperm blood supply articular cartilage
What is the most common type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
True or false: Hyaline cartilage is avascular
True
What are the growth patterns of hyaline cartilage
appositional and interstitial
where is hyaline cartilage found
external auditory meatus larynx tracheal cartilages bronchial cartilages fetal long bones articular ends of bones
What type of collagen fibers do hyaline cartilage have
type II
Describe the cellular structure of bone
-Based on a canalicular system
-Highly vascular
-Increase in bone length occurs though appositional growth of a hyaline cartilage model
-Bone tissue is continuously resorbed, reconstructed, and remodeled
Matrix of bone consists of two major components
what are the two major components of bone matrix
organic component= osteoid
inorganic component= Hydroxyapatite
what percent of hydroxyapatite makes up the bone matrix
35-65%
How is bone tissue classified
by the bone tissue of the matrix
what are the three types of bone tissue
woven bone
spongy bone
compact bone
Characteristics of woven bone
occurs during bone development and repair
produced rapidly
haphazard collagen foundation
less structural integrity
Characteristics of spongy bone
also called trabecular or cancellous bone
-Contains a 3D lattice of branching, bony spicules intertwined to form trabecular surrounding the bone marrow spaces in the long bone and flat bone
Characteristics of compact bone
Also known as lamellar bone
Lacks cavities and forms a dense plate outside of long and flat bones
Consist of concentric lamellae
True or false: cartilage becomes bone
False. cartilage is replaced by bone
Where does endochondral bone formation occur
within a hyaline cartilage model
What endochondral bone formation also called
replacement bone formation
Explain how endochondral bone can be remodeled
by cutting out cylindrical regions of bone with osteoclasts and then replacing the removed bone with new bone through the actions of osteoblasts
Steps in endochondral bone formation
- Primary ossification centers occurs in future diaphysis of cartilage model
- Chondrocytes become hypertrophic
- Chondrocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factors
- Blood vessels break through perichondrium, brining in osteoprogenitor cells
- Hypertophic cartilage cells undergo apoptosis, leaving behind thin strands of calcified matrix
- Osteoblasts use calcified strands as substrates for deposition of osteoid
- Osteoid is calcified
Name the 4 types of joints
Cartilaginous joints
Fibrous joints
synovial joints
synostosis
Characteristics of cartilaginous joints
Also known as amphiarthrosis
bones are joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage
types of cartilaginous joints
symphysis
synchondrosis
Characteristics of symphysis
fibrocartilage
public symphysis; intervertebral discs
characteristics of synchondrosis
hyaline cartilage
epiphyseal plate, first sternocostal joint
Characteristics of fibrous joints
Also known as synarthrosis
Bones are joined by collagenous and or elastic fibrous tissue
Types of fibrous joints are…
Suture
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
Characteristics of Suture
Joints between bones of calveria
Characteristics of Gomphosis
Peg-in-a-socket
Teeth in alveoli
Characteristics of Syndesmosis
Interosseous membrane
tibia/ fibula
ulna/ radius
name the 4 types of synovial joints
Uniaxial
biaxial
triaxial
non axial
Examples of uniaxial synovial joint
hinge: elbow, knee
pivot: atlantoaxial, radioulnar
Examples of biaxial synovial joint
Condyloid: metacarpophalangeal, atlantooccipital
Saddle: first carpometacarpal joint
Examples of triaxial synovial joint
ball and socket: glenohumeral and femoroacetabular
Examples of nonaxial synovial joint
plane joints: sternoclavicular, scapuloclavicular, zygapophyses
Describe uniaxial joints
- Move through one plane
- Ligaments are located along the lateral and medial edge the joint surface
- Each ligament has a specific name based on its location
- A pivot joint moves in a transverse plane around a craniotomy caudal axis
Describe biaxial joints
- Permits movement in two planes around two axes
- allow both abduction/adduction and extension/flexion
Describe triaxial joints
- Have movement capability in all 3 planes and axes
- Movement allowed: extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, and medial/lateral rotation
- Circumduction is also permitted
Describe non axial joints
- consist of two relatively flat surfaces which slide over one another
- sometimes these are also classified as triaxial joints
Define tendons
connect muscle to bone
Define ligaments
connect bone to bone
Tendons and ligaments have what?
- consists of a bundle of fascicles
- surrounded by epitendineum
