Bones and Joints of the Vetebral Column, Sternum, and Ribs Flashcards
Spondylosis
discospondylitis (a.k.a vertebral osteomyelitis)
- deformities of the vertebrae usually resulting from blood borne infections
- vertebral deterioration
- painful
discospondylosis
- non-infectious fusion or degeneration of the vertebrae
- usually not painful but can be
- usually an incidental finding
vertebral formula for dog/cat
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20
vertebral formula of the horse
C 7 T18 L6 S5 Cd 20
Vertebral formula of cow/bull
C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd 20
Bony component of the ribs
- head
- neck
- tubercle
- body
cartilaginous component of the ribs
costal cartilage-articulates with the sternum
Costochodral Junction
where body of teh ribs meets the costal cartilage
vertebrosternal ribs
- “true” ribs T1-9
- articulate directly with sternum
vertebrochondral ribs
- “false” ribs T10-12
- articulate with costal cartilage of the rib located cranial to it
- forms the costal arch
vertebral rib
“floating” rib, T13
-no sternal attachment
intercostal space
- the space between subsequent ribs
- location of internal and exterrnal intercostal muscles
sternum
- 8 sternebrae joined by intersternebral cartilages
- 1st: manubrium
- 8th: xiphoid process, xiphoid cartilage
articulation of ribs with the vertebrae
- head of ribs 1-10 articulate with the costal fovea of two contiguous and the intervening fibrocartilage
- ribs 11-13, the head articulates with only the cranial costal fovea on the body of the verebrea of the same number
- the tubercle of the ribs articulates with the costal fovea of the transverse process of the vertebrae of the same number
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
- between the occipital condyles (skull) and cranial articular foveae of the atlas
- “yes” joint
Atlanto-Axial Joint
- between the caudal articular surface of the atlas and teh cranial articular surface of the axis
- dens of the axis rests in the fovea dentis of atlas=pivot joint
- “no” joint
transverse ligament of the atlas
- holds dens against povea dentis
- stabilizes atlanto-axial joint
apical ligament of the dens and the alar ligaments
- holds dens to the floor of the vertebral canal
- stabilizes the atlanto-axial joint
intervertebral dics
- comprised of: anulus fribrosus and nucleus pulposus
- no IVD between atlas and axis
supraspinous ligament
-fibrous connective tissue that connects the apices of the spinous processes (Cd3-T1)
Nuchal Ligament
- extends from spine of the axis to the spine of T1
- extends to nuchal crest in large animals
- not present in cats
ventral longitudinal ligament
-on ventral surface of the vertebral bodies; mid-sagittal plane
dorsal longitudinal ligament
-on the dorsal surface of the vertebral bodies, ventral to the spinal cord;mid-sagittal plane
intercapital ligament
- connects the heads of left and right rib sets 1-10
- dorsal to IVD and ventral to dorsal longitudinal ligament
- lends extra support to IVD in thracic region: less liking to have dorsally bulging discs
epaxial group
- lie dorsal to the transverse process of the vertebrae
- extensors of teh vertebral column
hypaxial group
- lie ventral to vertebral bodies
- main flexors of the vertebral column
transversopinalis system
- medial group
- extends from the sacrum to the head
- includes: spenius, semispinalis capitis (biventer cervicis and cmplexus)
longissimus system
- intermediate group
- longissimus thoracis and lumborum
- longissimus cervicis
- longissimus capitis
iliocostalis system
- lateral group
- lumborum and thoracis
all epaxial muscles
-lie deep to and are enveloped by thoracolumbar fascia
hypaxial muscles
- longus coli
- longus capitis
- “columns” formed by these muscles represent the dorsal border of the cervical visceral space
cervical visceral space continuous with..
medialstinal space within the thoracic cavity
contents of cervical visceral space
- trachea
- esophagus
- carotid sheath
inspiration
- muscle increase volume of thoracic cavity
- diaphram
- serratus dorsalis cranialis
- external intercostals
expiration
- muscles that decrease volumn in thoracic cavity
- serratus dorsalis caudalis
- internal intercostals
COPD
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- heave lines prominant in horses:forced expiration
common features of all vertebrae
- vertebral body
- vertebral arch
- vertebral foramen
- vertebral notches
- spinous process
- bilateral transverse processes
- articular processes
cervical vertebrae
- transverse foramen: in all cervical vertebrae except C7
- form lateral vertebral canal which the artery, vein and nerve run through
atlas
- C1
- reduced/flattened body
- dorsal tubercle serves as spinous process: lacks “true” spine
- lateral vertebral foramenia
axis
- C2
- spinous process is elongated
C6
- ventral expansion of the transverse process
- easily identifiable on x rays
thoracic vertebrae
- elongated spinous processes
- cranial and caudal costal fovea for articulation with head of the ribs
- transverse (costal) forveae for articulation with the tubercle of the ribs
T1-10
spines incline caudally
T11
-spine is vertical, anticlinal vertebrae
T12-13
spines incline cranially
lumbar vertebrae
-large, ovoid-shaped
body
- broad spinous and transverse processes, directed cranially
- articular surfaces are sagitally oriented
sacrum
- fusion of S1-3 in dogs and cats
- auricular surface articulates with the ilium to complete the pelvic girdle
- sacral promontory-dorsal boundary of the pelvic inlet
- median sacral crest=fused spinous processes of S1-3
