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gross anatomy > Bones and Joints of the Vetebral Column, Sternum, and Ribs > Flashcards

Bones and Joints of the Vetebral Column, Sternum, and Ribs Flashcards

1
Q

Spondylosis

A
  • degenerative spinal change due to osteoarthritis
  • increase bone growth on the ventral surface causing a bridging between vertebrae
  • Degenerative changes to intervertebral discs

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2
Q

discospondylitis (a.k.a vertebral osteomyelitis)

A
  • deformities of the vertebrae usually resulting from blood borne infections
  • vertebral deterioration
  • painful
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3
Q

discospondylosis

A
  • non-infectious fusion or degeneration of the vertebrae
  • usually not painful but can be
  • usually an incidental finding
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4
Q

vertebral formula for dog/cat

A

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20

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5
Q

vertebral formula of the horse

A

C 7 T18 L6 S5 Cd 20

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6
Q

Vertebral formula of cow/bull

A

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd 20

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7
Q

Bony component of the ribs

A
  • head
  • neck
  • tubercle
  • body
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8
Q

cartilaginous component of the ribs

A

costal cartilage-articulates with the sternum

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9
Q

Costochodral Junction

A

where body of teh ribs meets the costal cartilage

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10
Q

vertebrosternal ribs

A
  • “true” ribs T1-9
  • articulate directly with sternum
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11
Q

vertebrochondral ribs

A
  • “false” ribs T10-12
  • articulate with costal cartilage of the rib located cranial to it
  • forms the costal arch
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12
Q

vertebral rib

A

“floating” rib, T13

-no sternal attachment

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13
Q

intercostal space

A
  • the space between subsequent ribs
  • location of internal and exterrnal intercostal muscles
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14
Q

sternum

A
  • 8 sternebrae joined by intersternebral cartilages
  • 1st: manubrium
  • 8th: xiphoid process, xiphoid cartilage
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15
Q

articulation of ribs with the vertebrae

A
  • head of ribs 1-10 articulate with the costal fovea of two contiguous and the intervening fibrocartilage
  • ribs 11-13, the head articulates with only the cranial costal fovea on the body of the verebrea of the same number
  • the tubercle of the ribs articulates with the costal fovea of the transverse process of the vertebrae of the same number
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16
Q

Atlanto-Occipital Joint

A
  • between the occipital condyles (skull) and cranial articular foveae of the atlas
  • “yes” joint
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17
Q

Atlanto-Axial Joint

A
  • between the caudal articular surface of the atlas and teh cranial articular surface of the axis
  • dens of the axis rests in the fovea dentis of atlas=pivot joint
  • “no” joint
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18
Q

transverse ligament of the atlas

A
  • holds dens against povea dentis
  • stabilizes atlanto-axial joint
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19
Q

apical ligament of the dens and the alar ligaments

A
  • holds dens to the floor of the vertebral canal
  • stabilizes the atlanto-axial joint
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20
Q

intervertebral dics

A
  • comprised of: anulus fribrosus and nucleus pulposus
  • no IVD between atlas and axis
21
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

-fibrous connective tissue that connects the apices of the spinous processes (Cd3-T1)

22
Q

Nuchal Ligament

A
  • extends from spine of the axis to the spine of T1
  • extends to nuchal crest in large animals
  • not present in cats
23
Q

ventral longitudinal ligament

A

-on ventral surface of the vertebral bodies; mid-sagittal plane

24
Q

dorsal longitudinal ligament

A

-on the dorsal surface of the vertebral bodies, ventral to the spinal cord;mid-sagittal plane

25
Q

intercapital ligament

A
  • connects the heads of left and right rib sets 1-10
  • dorsal to IVD and ventral to dorsal longitudinal ligament
  • lends extra support to IVD in thracic region: less liking to have dorsally bulging discs
26
Q

epaxial group

A
  • lie dorsal to the transverse process of the vertebrae
  • extensors of teh vertebral column
27
Q

hypaxial group

A
  • lie ventral to vertebral bodies
  • main flexors of the vertebral column
28
Q

transversopinalis system

A
  • medial group
  • extends from the sacrum to the head
  • includes: spenius, semispinalis capitis (biventer cervicis and cmplexus)
29
Q

longissimus system

A
  • intermediate group
  • longissimus thoracis and lumborum
  • longissimus cervicis
  • longissimus capitis
30
Q

iliocostalis system

A
  • lateral group
  • lumborum and thoracis
31
Q

all epaxial muscles

A

-lie deep to and are enveloped by thoracolumbar fascia

32
Q

hypaxial muscles

A
  • longus coli
  • longus capitis
  • “columns” formed by these muscles represent the dorsal border of the cervical visceral space
33
Q

cervical visceral space continuous with..

A

medialstinal space within the thoracic cavity

34
Q

contents of cervical visceral space

A
  • trachea
  • esophagus
  • carotid sheath
35
Q

inspiration

A
  • muscle increase volume of thoracic cavity
  • diaphram
  • serratus dorsalis cranialis
  • external intercostals
36
Q

expiration

A
  • muscles that decrease volumn in thoracic cavity
  • serratus dorsalis caudalis
  • internal intercostals
37
Q

COPD

A
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • heave lines prominant in horses:forced expiration
38
Q

common features of all vertebrae

A
  • vertebral body
  • vertebral arch
  • vertebral foramen
  • vertebral notches
  • spinous process
  • bilateral transverse processes
  • articular processes
39
Q

cervical vertebrae

A
  • transverse foramen: in all cervical vertebrae except C7
  • form lateral vertebral canal which the artery, vein and nerve run through
40
Q

atlas

A
  • C1
  • reduced/flattened body
  • dorsal tubercle serves as spinous process: lacks “true” spine
  • lateral vertebral foramenia
41
Q

axis

A
  • C2
  • spinous process is elongated
42
Q

C6

A
  • ventral expansion of the transverse process
  • easily identifiable on x rays
43
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A
  • elongated spinous processes
  • cranial and caudal costal fovea for articulation with head of the ribs
  • transverse (costal) forveae for articulation with the tubercle of the ribs
44
Q

T1-10

A

spines incline caudally

45
Q

T11

A

-spine is vertical, anticlinal vertebrae

46
Q

T12-13

A

spines incline cranially

47
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

-large, ovoid-shaped
body

  • broad spinous and transverse processes, directed cranially
  • articular surfaces are sagitally oriented
48
Q

sacrum

A
  • fusion of S1-3 in dogs and cats
  • auricular surface articulates with the ilium to complete the pelvic girdle
  • sacral promontory-dorsal boundary of the pelvic inlet
  • median sacral crest=fused spinous processes of S1-3

gross anatomy (8 decks)

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