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Anatomy T1 > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

Near head

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2
Q

Inferior

A

Near feet

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3
Q

Anterior

A

Near front

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4
Q

Posterior

A

Near

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5
Q

Medial

A

Near median plane

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

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7
Q

Proximal

A

near trunk or point of origin

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8
Q

Distal

A

Away from trunk or point of origin

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9
Q

Superficial

A

Near surface

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10
Q

Deep

A

Away from surface

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11
Q

Palmar

A

On palm of hand

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12
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

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13
Q

Dorsal

A

Back of body structure

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14
Q

Ventral

A

Front of body structure

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15
Q

Cranial

A

Near head

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16
Q

Caudal

A

Near feet

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17
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of body

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18
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of body

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19
Q

What plane is on the sagittal axis?

A

Median plane

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20
Q

What plane is on the longitudinal axis?

A

Transverse plane

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21
Q

What plane is on the transverse axis?

A

Frontal (coronal) axis

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22
Q

What are the 5 Cavities of the body?

A
  • Head and neck
  • Upper limb
  • Thorax
  • Abdomen
  • Lower limbs
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23
Q

What are the names of the body cavities?

A
  • Cranial
  • Spinal
  • Thoracic
  • Diaphragm
  • Abdominal
  • Pelvic
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24
Q

What side of the abdomen does the liver lie on?

A

Right

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25
Q

What side of the abdomen does the spleen lie on?

A

Left

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26
Q

What side is the stomach in the abdomen?

A

Keft

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27
Q

What is the olecranon process?

A

Elbow

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28
Q

What is the sternal angle and at what level is it?

A

sternomanubrial joint - T2

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29
Q

Bones in the sternum

A
  • Manubrium
  • Sternal body
  • Xiphoid process
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30
Q

What level is the summit of the iliac crest?

A

L3

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31
Q

What is the transverse plan through the sternal angle called?

A

Sternomanubrial plane

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32
Q

What level is the xiphisternal joint?

A

T9

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33
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

Bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle

34
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

Nerve tissue

35
Q

What does the endoderm five rise to?

A

Epithelial lining

36
Q

What embryonic germ layer is skin derived from?

A

Mesoderm (mesoderm) and ectoderm (epidermis)

37
Q

What embryonic germ layer is smooth muscle derived from?

A

Mesoderm and ectoderm

38
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Early phase in the embryonic development where the single layered blastula is reorganised into a trilaminar (three-layered) structure know as the gastrula

39
Q

What are the names of the three gram layers in the gastrula?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm ad endoderm

40
Q

Functions of bone

A
  • Weight bearing/support
  • Protection
  • Mineral store - consist on Ca
  • Blood formation (red bone marrow)
41
Q

Describe the anatomy o bone

A
  • Compact
  • Trabecular (spongy) bone
  • Medullary cavity
  • Bone marrow
  • Membranes - periosteum and endosteum
42
Q

Where are the bone membranes; periosteum and endosteum?

A
  • Periosteum - covers bone

- Endosteum - inner bone

43
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Weight bearing

44
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A

Store bone marrow and absorb impact

45
Q

What is the function of the medullary cavity?

A

Where red bone marrow is stored - makes RBCs

46
Q

What is the function of periosteum?

A

Protection

47
Q

What is compact bone organised into?

A

Haversian systems

48
Q

What are the two canal in the compact bone Haversian systems?

A

Horizontal volkmann’s canals and vertical Haversian canals

49
Q

What surrounds Haversian canals?

A

Osteocytes and centric rings on bone matrix (lamellae)

50
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Haversian canal, osteocytes and centric rings

51
Q

Describe spongy bone

A

Less dense, network of lamellate trabecular filled with bone marrow

52
Q

What are the different types of bone?

A
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Short
  • Long
  • Sesamoid (knee cap)
  • Sutural
53
Q

What the two types of bone formation and describe them?

A
  • Endochondral - within cartilage (common in long bone growth) - tough bone
  • Intramembranous - membrane involved
54
Q

What occurs in endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Bone forms cartilage model first
  2. BV invade cartilage
  3. Cartilage replaced with bone
  4. Cartilage remains in epiphyseal growth plate
  5. Growth plate ossifies
55
Q

What occurs in intramembranous ossification?

A

Mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells that mature into osteoblasts and start forming bone

Residual mesenchymal cells develop into blood vessels and bone marrow

56
Q

What cells and molecules make up bone?

A

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes

ECM - collagen, hydroxyapatite crystals and water

57
Q

What is the function of miners in bone?

A

Make bone stiff and able to support structures giving it strength under compression

58
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Gives bone some flexibility and reduces risk of fracture

Provides high strength under tension

59
Q

Why is bone described as dynamic?

A

Constant turn over and remodelling allows for fracture healing and adaptation to mechanical forces

60
Q

Steps in bone turnover

A
  1. Osteoclasts break down old bone

2. Osteoblasts build new bone

61
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Mircoscopic canals that connect lacunae to each other and allows communication between cells

62
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Multinucleated cells derived from monocytes/macrophages which resorb bone matrix

63
Q

Describe the ECM

A

Comprised of mineral, protein (collagen) and water - modified Type 1 collagen fibres which strongly cross-link and leaves gaps for hydroxyapatite crystals

64
Q

Diseases linked with disorders of remodelling

A
  • Osteoporosis - resorption > formation
  • Paget’s disease - increase resorption
  • Osteopetrosis - decreased resorption
65
Q

What is bone mass controlled by?

A

Genes and environment (calcium intake, smoking, exercise)

66
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

67
Q

Examples of fibrous joints

A
  • Syndesmosis - between tibia and fibula
  • Gomphoses - binds teeth to gum
  • Sutures
68
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses (primary) and symphyses (secondary)

bone-cartilage-bone

69
Q

Describe synchondroses joints

A

One type of cartilage (hyaline cartilage) and allow for bone growth but ossifies in adults and don’t allow movements - epiphyseal growth plate

70
Q

Describe symphyses joints

A

Two types of cartilage (fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage) and do not ossify with ages and allows for limited movement - found in midline (vertebra, pubic symphysis)

71
Q

Describe synovial joints

A

Allow for movement and contain:

  • Articular cartilage
  • fibrous capsule
  • Synovial membrane
  • Ligaments
  • Bursae sac filled with synovial fluid (pillow in area of high friction)
72
Q

Name the types of synovial joints and give an example

A
  • Hinge - knee
  • Pivot - atlanto-axial
  • Saddle - thumb
  • Plane - vertebra
  • Ellipsoid - atanto-occipital
  • Ball and socket - hip
73
Q

What allows for joint stability?

A
  • Shape of articulating surfaces
  • Fibrous capsule & ligaments
  • Muscles
74
Q

Describe the blood & nerve supply to joints

A

Anastomoses - connection between two blood vessels and joints allow for proprioception

The nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a joint, also innervates this joint

75
Q

What occurs in arthritis?

A

Damages cartilage and then joint function

76
Q

What happens in craniosynostosis?

A

Premature closing of cranial sutures before brain fully develops - if only one suture affected then deformed skull bu if many are affected then compression of nerves and brain parts causing neurological problems

77
Q

What is a fossa?

A

Shallow depression

78
Q

What is a process?

A

Any projection or bump

79
Q

What is a foramen?

A

Rounded aperture for vessels and nerves to transverse through

80
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

A narrow groove

81
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

A rough projection

82
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

A small rounded projection

Anatomy T1 (3 decks)

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