Bones and Joints Flashcards
Superior
Near head
Inferior
Near feet
Anterior
Near front
Posterior
Near
Medial
Near median plane
Lateral
Away from midline
Proximal
near trunk or point of origin
Distal
Away from trunk or point of origin
Superficial
Near surface
Deep
Away from surface
Palmar
On palm of hand
Plantar
Sole of foot
Dorsal
Back of body structure
Ventral
Front of body structure
Cranial
Near head
Caudal
Near feet
Ipsilateral
Same side of body
Contralateral
Opposite side of body
What plane is on the sagittal axis?
Median plane
What plane is on the longitudinal axis?
Transverse plane
What plane is on the transverse axis?
Frontal (coronal) axis
What are the 5 Cavities of the body?
- Head and neck
- Upper limb
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Lower limbs
What are the names of the body cavities?
- Cranial
- Spinal
- Thoracic
- Diaphragm
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
What side of the abdomen does the liver lie on?
Right
What side of the abdomen does the spleen lie on?
Left
What side is the stomach in the abdomen?
Keft
What is the olecranon process?
Elbow
What is the sternal angle and at what level is it?
sternomanubrial joint - T2
Bones in the sternum
- Manubrium
- Sternal body
- Xiphoid process
What level is the summit of the iliac crest?
L3
What is the transverse plan through the sternal angle called?
Sternomanubrial plane
What level is the xiphisternal joint?
T9
What does the mesoderm give rise to?
Bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle
What does the ectoderm give rise to?
Nerve tissue
What does the endoderm five rise to?
Epithelial lining
What embryonic germ layer is skin derived from?
Mesoderm (mesoderm) and ectoderm (epidermis)
What embryonic germ layer is smooth muscle derived from?
Mesoderm and ectoderm
What is gastrulation?
Early phase in the embryonic development where the single layered blastula is reorganised into a trilaminar (three-layered) structure know as the gastrula
What are the names of the three gram layers in the gastrula?
Ectoderm, mesoderm ad endoderm
Functions of bone
- Weight bearing/support
- Protection
- Mineral store - consist on Ca
- Blood formation (red bone marrow)
Describe the anatomy o bone
- Compact
- Trabecular (spongy) bone
- Medullary cavity
- Bone marrow
- Membranes - periosteum and endosteum
Where are the bone membranes; periosteum and endosteum?
- Periosteum - covers bone
- Endosteum - inner bone
What is the function of compact bone?
Weight bearing
What is the function of spongy bone?
Store bone marrow and absorb impact
What is the function of the medullary cavity?
Where red bone marrow is stored - makes RBCs
What is the function of periosteum?
Protection
What is compact bone organised into?
Haversian systems
What are the two canal in the compact bone Haversian systems?
Horizontal volkmann’s canals and vertical Haversian canals
What surrounds Haversian canals?
Osteocytes and centric rings on bone matrix (lamellae)
What is an osteon?
Haversian canal, osteocytes and centric rings
Describe spongy bone
Less dense, network of lamellate trabecular filled with bone marrow
What are the different types of bone?
- Flat
- Irregular
- Short
- Long
- Sesamoid (knee cap)
- Sutural
What the two types of bone formation and describe them?
- Endochondral - within cartilage (common in long bone growth) - tough bone
- Intramembranous - membrane involved
What occurs in endochondral ossification?
- Bone forms cartilage model first
- BV invade cartilage
- Cartilage replaced with bone
- Cartilage remains in epiphyseal growth plate
- Growth plate ossifies
What occurs in intramembranous ossification?
Mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells that mature into osteoblasts and start forming bone
Residual mesenchymal cells develop into blood vessels and bone marrow
What cells and molecules make up bone?
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes
ECM - collagen, hydroxyapatite crystals and water
What is the function of miners in bone?
Make bone stiff and able to support structures giving it strength under compression
What is the function of collagen?
Gives bone some flexibility and reduces risk of fracture
Provides high strength under tension
Why is bone described as dynamic?
Constant turn over and remodelling allows for fracture healing and adaptation to mechanical forces
Steps in bone turnover
- Osteoclasts break down old bone
2. Osteoblasts build new bone
What are canaliculi?
Mircoscopic canals that connect lacunae to each other and allows communication between cells
What are osteoclasts?
Multinucleated cells derived from monocytes/macrophages which resorb bone matrix
Describe the ECM
Comprised of mineral, protein (collagen) and water - modified Type 1 collagen fibres which strongly cross-link and leaves gaps for hydroxyapatite crystals
Diseases linked with disorders of remodelling
- Osteoporosis - resorption > formation
- Paget’s disease - increase resorption
- Osteopetrosis - decreased resorption
What is bone mass controlled by?
Genes and environment (calcium intake, smoking, exercise)
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
Examples of fibrous joints
- Syndesmosis - between tibia and fibula
- Gomphoses - binds teeth to gum
- Sutures
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses (primary) and symphyses (secondary)
bone-cartilage-bone
Describe synchondroses joints
One type of cartilage (hyaline cartilage) and allow for bone growth but ossifies in adults and don’t allow movements - epiphyseal growth plate
Describe symphyses joints
Two types of cartilage (fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage) and do not ossify with ages and allows for limited movement - found in midline (vertebra, pubic symphysis)
Describe synovial joints
Allow for movement and contain:
- Articular cartilage
- fibrous capsule
- Synovial membrane
- Ligaments
- Bursae sac filled with synovial fluid (pillow in area of high friction)
Name the types of synovial joints and give an example
- Hinge - knee
- Pivot - atlanto-axial
- Saddle - thumb
- Plane - vertebra
- Ellipsoid - atanto-occipital
- Ball and socket - hip
What allows for joint stability?
- Shape of articulating surfaces
- Fibrous capsule & ligaments
- Muscles
Describe the blood & nerve supply to joints
Anastomoses - connection between two blood vessels and joints allow for proprioception
The nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a joint, also innervates this joint
What occurs in arthritis?
Damages cartilage and then joint function
What happens in craniosynostosis?
Premature closing of cranial sutures before brain fully develops - if only one suture affected then deformed skull bu if many are affected then compression of nerves and brain parts causing neurological problems
What is a fossa?
Shallow depression
What is a process?
Any projection or bump
What is a foramen?
Rounded aperture for vessels and nerves to transverse through
What is a sulcus?
A narrow groove
What is a tuberosity?
A rough projection
What is a tubercle?
A small rounded projection
