Back & Vertebra Flashcards
Ligamentum flavum
Connects the lamina
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Connects the exterior of vertebral bodies
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Connects the interior of vertebral bodies
Supraspinous ligament
Connect the exterior spinous process
Interspinous ligament
Connects in between spinous processes
What plane is movement permitted in for cervical vertebra?
Transverse
What plane is movement permitted in for thoracic vertebra?
Frontal (coronal)
What plane is movement permitted in for Lumbar vertebra?
Sagittal
What movements occur in cervical vertebra?
Flexion, extension, rotation, lateral flexion
What movements occur in thoracic vertebra?
lateral flexion and rotation
What movements occur in lumbar vertebra?
Flexion and extension
What movement are the posterior vertebral muscles responsible for?
Extension of spine
What movement are the anterior vertebral muscles and side muscles responsible for?
Flexion of spine
What is bilateral flexion and example?
Two muscles contracting simultaneously for singular movement - anterior muscle and side muscle for flexion of spine
What is unilateral flexion and example?
One muscle contracting for movement - side muscles contracting for rotation and lateral flexion
Where do the erector spine muscles lie?
Posteriorly to vertebral transverse and spinous processes
Main anterior muscle in neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
Main anterior muscles of abdominal wall?
Transverse/rectus abdominus and internal/external obliques
What happens when flexor and extensors muscles of the trunk contract simultaneously and what bodily functions are facilitated by this?
Increase intra-abdominal pressure
- Coughing
- Vomiting
- Excretions (faeces)
- Child birth
What is the vertebral level of the vertebra prominens?
C7
What is the vertebral level of the spine of scapula?
T3
What is the vertebral level of the inferior angle of scapula?
T7
What is the vertebral level of the iliac crest
L4
What is the vertebral level of the medial part of spine of scapula?
T3
What is the vertebral level of he posterior iliac spine
S2
What important structure are located at level T4?
- Sternomanubrial joint
- Arch of the aorta
- Bifurcation of the trachea (split)
Between what levels is a lumbar puncture performed on in adults and why?
L3/4 so that the spinal cord is not punctured
Between what levels is a lumbar puncture performed on in children and why?
L4/5 so that the spinal cord is not punctured
Why does the flexion at lumbar spine aid access of needle for a lumbar puncture between L3/4?
Increase interspinous space - spread spinous processes apart
What does the lateral horn contain?
Cell bodies of sympathetic neurones
What levels is the lateral horn present and what is their outflow?
- T1-L2/3 - thoracolumbar/sympathetic
- S2-4 - sacral/parasympathetic
What allows pivot movement at atlantoaxial joint and what type of joint is this?
Odontoid process of axis
Synovial pivot
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Synovial ellipsoid
Purpose and structure of intervertebral discs
Shock absorption (weight bearing compresses disc)
- Nucleus pulposus - central with HWC
- Annulus fibrosis - layers of fibrocartilage
Effect of slipped disc and how does it occur?
Nucleus pulposus protrudes through annulus fibrosis POSTEROLATERALLY and compresses in to an emerging spinal nerve
What level are the conus medullar is and caudal equine?
Con. med. ends at spinal cord (L1/2 adults L3/4 children)
Where does CSF lie?
Pia and arachnoid (subarachnoid space)
Space between dura and arachnoid
Subdural space
Where do the dura and arachnoid end?
Dural sac at S3
Where does the Pia at?
Filum terminale at Ccg1
Why are there enlargements at cervical and lumbar regions?
Due to grey matter surrounding brachial plexus (C5-T1) and lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4)
Describe sympathetic outflow from spinal cord
- Exit out of the lateral horn through the ventral root
- Enter white ramus - become white rams communicans to sympathetic ganglion in sympathetic chain
- Synapse to grey ramus communicans and reenter spinal nerve and distribute between dorsal and ventral rami
Outline 3 pathway for sympathetic fibres
- Synpase at same spinal level
- Run up and down symp. chain and synapse at different level
- Run through chain but synapse at a prevertebral ganglion (splanchnich nerves)
What levels do sympathetic nerves emerge from spinal cord at and why can they go above and below the levels?
T1-L2 - due to sympathetic chain
Describe innervation by abdominal viscera
Abdominal spanchnic nerves - emerge from anteromedially pass through the symp. chain but synapse at pre-aortic (prevertebral) ganglia
T5-L2
Stomach, liver, intestine etc
Describe innervation by thoracic viscera
The thoracic sympathetic nerves (T1-4) synapse in the symp. chain but do not return to ventral ramus, they go to the autonomic nerve plexus (cardiopulmonary plexus)
Supply heart, lungs etc
Describe sensory fibres in the ANS
General sensory impulses from organs run with parasympathetic fibres
Pain impulses from organs run with sympathetic fibres
Enter dorsal root and synapse in dorsal root ganglion and then onto later horn cells - then up spinal cord to brain
Outline outflow of parasypathetic fibres
S2-4 - come out of lateral horns of distal end of conus medullaris and descend in the cauda equina
Run through inferior hypogastric plexus (sym. and para. mix) to synapse in parasympathetic ganglion close or within organ
Pelvic parasympathetic splanchnic nerves
S2-4 parasympathetic nerves to pelvic viscera to supply pelvic and lower abdominal organs
Run through inferior hypogastric plexus to synapse in parasympathetic ganglion close or within organ
What is the inferior hypogastric plexus?
On each side of rectum and is a mixed autonomic plexus
