Bones and joints

Question 1

Cartilage matrix is laid down by cells called…

Answer 1

Chondroblasts

Question 2

Surface of cartilage is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the…

Answer 2

Perichondrium

Question 3

One the chondroblast has surrounded itself in matrix its called…

And the space it is located in is called a…

Answer 3

1. Chondrocyte
2. Lacunae

Question 4

Does cartilage have blood supply or nerves

Answer 4

No, perichondrium supplies cartilage with nourishment and carries away by products of metabolism via diffusion

Question 5

The 3 types of cartilage

Answer 5

1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
   3.elastic cartilage

Question 6

Hyaline cartilage appearance

Answer 6

Hyaline cartilage

Appears glassy on gross examination and is found in e.g. trachea, bronchi, synovial joints

Has equal amounts of collagen fibres and proteoglycans

Question 7

Fibrocartilage appearance

Answer 7

Has more collagen fibres than proteoglycans

It is slightly compressible

Found e.g. in knee joint, in the pelvis and between vertebrae

Question 8

Elastic cartilage appearance

Answer 8

Has numerous elastic fibres in addition to collagen and proteoglycans
Found in e.g. the external ears, epiglottis

Question 9

Types of bone

Answer 9

1. Long bones (tubular- humerous)
2. Short bones (cuboidal- tarsus)
3. Flat bones (protective- parietal bone)
4. Irregular bones (various shapes- maxillary)
5. Sesamoid bones (where tendons cross ends of long bones, protect tendons from excessive wear- patella)

Question 10

Bone matrix is laid down by…

Answer 10

Osteoblasts

Question 11

Surface of the bone has layer of connective tissue called…

Answer 11

Periosteum

Question 12

Osteoblast has surrounded itself in matrix it is called… And the space it is located is called the…

Answer 12

1.Osteocyte
2. Lacunae

Question 13

Bone is found in two structural forms

Answer 13

1.spongy (trabecular) bone - spaces between bone

2.compact (cortical) bone - it is solid with almost no spaces

Question 14

Osteogenesis is the process…

Answer 14

By which osteoblasts form bone

Question 15

Aspirational growth is…

Answer 15

When there is already bone and new bone is added on the surface by osteoblasts

Question 16

When there is no bone (e.g in children) new bone is formed by…

Answer 16

1. Endochondral ossification - bone replaces hyaline cartilage - e.g femur
2. Intramembranous ossification - bone forms in area where there is connective tissue membrane - e.g skull bones

Question 17

The 3 types of joints

Answer 17

1.synovial - between bones that move against each other

2.fibrous - adjacent bones strongly united by fibrous tissue

3.cartilaginous - bones are entirely joined by cartilage

Question 18

Types of syonovial joints

Answer 18

1.plane joints permit limited gliding or sliding movements of the articular surfaces - e.g acromioclavicular joint

2.hinge joint permit flexi on and extension and the bones are joined by strong collateral ligaments - e.g elbow joint

3.saddle joints permit abduction as well as flexion and extension e.g carpometacarpal joint at the base of the 1st digit

4.condyloid joints permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction - e.g metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle)

5.ball and socket joints allow movement in multiple axis and planes: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction - e.g hip joint

6.pivot joints permit rotation around central axis e.g median Atlanto-axial joint (c1) rotates around the dens of the axis (c2)

Question 19

Example of fibrous joints

Answer 19

E.g sutures, lambdoid

Syndesmosis - complex fibres between two bones connected by ligaments

gomphosis - anchors tooth

Question 20

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 20

1. Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses) - the bones are united by hyaline cartilage, which permits sleigh sending during early life - e.g temporary unions present during development of Long bone
2. Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses) are strong, slightly moveable joints united by Fibrocartilage - e.g intervertebral discs