Bones and joints Flashcards
Cartilage matrix is laid down by cells called…
Chondroblasts
Surface of cartilage is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the…
Perichondrium
One the chondroblast has surrounded itself in matrix its called…
And the space it is located in is called a…
- Chondrocyte
- Lacunae
Does cartilage have blood supply or nerves
No, perichondrium supplies cartilage with nourishment and carries away by products of metabolism via diffusion
The 3 types of cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
3.elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage appearance
Hyaline cartilage
Appears glassy on gross examination and is found in e.g. trachea, bronchi, synovial joints
Has equal amounts of collagen fibres and proteoglycans
Fibrocartilage appearance
Has more collagen fibres than proteoglycans
It is slightly compressible
Found e.g. in knee joint, in the pelvis and between vertebrae
Elastic cartilage appearance
Has numerous elastic fibres in addition to collagen and proteoglycans
Found in e.g. the external ears, epiglottis
Types of bone
- Long bones (tubular- humerous)
- Short bones (cuboidal- tarsus)
- Flat bones (protective- parietal bone)
- Irregular bones (various shapes- maxillary)
- Sesamoid bones (where tendons cross ends of long bones, protect tendons from excessive wear- patella)
Bone matrix is laid down by…
Osteoblasts
Surface of the bone has layer of connective tissue called…
Periosteum
Osteoblast has surrounded itself in matrix it is called… And the space it is located is called the…
1.Osteocyte
2. Lacunae
Bone is found in two structural forms
1.spongy (trabecular) bone - spaces between bone
2.compact (cortical) bone - it is solid with almost no spaces
Osteogenesis is the process…
By which osteoblasts form bone
Aspirational growth is…
When there is already bone and new bone is added on the surface by osteoblasts
When there is no bone (e.g in children) new bone is formed by…
- Endochondral ossification - bone replaces hyaline cartilage - e.g femur
- Intramembranous ossification - bone forms in area where there is connective tissue membrane - e.g skull bones
The 3 types of joints
1.synovial - between bones that move against each other
2.fibrous - adjacent bones strongly united by fibrous tissue
3.cartilaginous - bones are entirely joined by cartilage
Types of syonovial joints
1.plane joints permit limited gliding or sliding movements of the articular surfaces - e.g acromioclavicular joint
2.hinge joint permit flexi on and extension and the bones are joined by strong collateral ligaments - e.g elbow joint
3.saddle joints permit abduction as well as flexion and extension e.g carpometacarpal joint at the base of the 1st digit
4.condyloid joints permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction - e.g metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle)
5.ball and socket joints allow movement in multiple axis and planes: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction - e.g hip joint
6.pivot joints permit rotation around central axis e.g median Atlanto-axial joint (c1) rotates around the dens of the axis (c2)
Example of fibrous joints
E.g sutures, lambdoid
Syndesmosis - complex fibres between two bones connected by ligaments
gomphosis - anchors tooth
2 types of cartilaginous joints
- Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses) - the bones are united by hyaline cartilage, which permits sleigh sending during early life - e.g temporary unions present during development of Long bone
- Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses) are strong, slightly moveable joints united by Fibrocartilage - e.g intervertebral discs
