Bones

Question 1

Main cell involved with cartilage

Answer 1

Chondrocytes

Question 2

Most abundant type of cartilage, made up of collagen

Answer 2

Hyaline

Question 3

Parallel rows of condrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers. This cartilage has the highest tensile strength

Answer 3

Fibrocartilage

Question 4

The growth of cartilage in width, occurs on the outer edges

Answer 4

Appositional Growth

Question 5

The growth of cartilage in length, occurs inside the cartilage

Answer 5

Interstitial Growth

Question 6

Smooth, dense outer layer of bone

Answer 6

Compact Bone

Question 7

Honeycomb structure with trabeculae holding it together

Answer 7

Spongy Bone

Question 8

The shaft of a long bone

Answer 8

Diaphysis

Question 9

The ends of a long bone

Answer 9

Epiphysis

Question 10

The inner cavity of the bone that has no bone tissue, and is filled completely with bone marrow

Answer 10

Medullary Cavity

Question 11

What is between compact bone and the medullary cavity?

Answer 11

Spongy bone

Question 12

Between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Has one name as an adult and one as a child

Answer 12

Epiphysial Plate/Line

Growth Plate

Question 13

Membrane that covers the external surface of the bone

Answer 13

Periosteum

Question 14

Membrane that covers the internal surface of the bone

Answer 14

Endosteum

Question 15

The main difference between long bone and spongy bone

Answer 15

Doesn’t have a medullary (marrow) cavity

Question 16

Bone cells that are highly mitotic and are responsible for building bones up

Answer 16

Osteoblasts

Question 17

Bone cells that break down bone and reabsorb it

Answer 17

Osteoclasts

Question 18

Bone cells that are basically the control center of the whole bone building/breaking down process

Answer 18

Osteocytes

Question 19

Bone cells which are stem cells that turn into osteoblasts when signaled

Answer 19

Osteogenic cell

Question 20

Groups of hollow tubes in compact bone that are filled with veins, arteries, and nerves

Answer 20

Lamella

Question 21

The process of turning fetal cartilage into flat bone

Answer 21

Intramembraneous Ossification

Question 22

The process of turning fetal cartilage into the rest of the skeleton

Answer 22

Endochondral Ossification

Question 23

The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow

Answer 23

Hematopoiesis

Question 24

Tiny weight-bearing pillars that are the main structural unit of compact bone

Answer 24

Osteons

Question 25

Explain what happens when a bone calcifies

Answer 25

Phosphate in the bone binds with calcium in the blood and forms a crystal

Question 26

What is the simplest way to define ossification?

Answer 26

The creation of bone

Question 27

Step one of intramembranous ossification

Answer 27

Ossification center forms

Question 28

Step two of intramembranous ossification

Answer 28

Osteoid undergoes ossification

Question 29

Step three of intramembranous ossification

Answer 29

Woven bone and periosteum form

Question 30

Step four of intramembranous ossification

Answer 30

Lamellar bone replaces woven bone while compact/spongy bone form

Question 31

Step one of endochondral ossification

Answer 31

Fetal cartilage develops

Question 32

Step two of endchondral ossifcation

Answer 32

Cartilage calcifies and periosteal bone collar forms

Question 33

Step three of endochondral ossification

Answer 33

Primary ossification center forms in the middle of the diaphysis

Question 34

Step four of endochondral ossification

Answer 34

Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses

Question 35

Interstitial bone growth from the primary ossification center in the diaphysis grows in what direction?

Answer 35

It grows outward in both directions

Question 36

Osteoblasts create more bone matrix then we need and osteoclasts clean up the rest. Why?

Answer 36

This allows the osteoclasts to create the medullary cavity and trabeculae

Question 37

Step five of endochondral ossification

Answer 37

Bone replaces all cartilage except the epiphyseal plate and hyaline on the end of the bones

Question 38

Step six of endochondral ossification

Answer 38

The epiphyseal plate hardens/ossifies into the epiphyseal line

Question 39

Describe how ossification in the epiphyseal plate takes place

Answer 39

We take stuff from the top of the epiphyseal plate, push it down, harden it, and then add it to the diaphysis

Question 40

Describe zones 1-5 of the epiphyseal plate

Answer 40

``` Zone 1: Resting cartilage (top) Zone 2: Chondrocytes divide quickly Zone 3: Chondrocytes grow Zone 4: Chondrocytes harden Zone 5: Chondrocytes are ossified and added to the diaphysis (bone) ```

Question 41

Bone growth in length which happens at the epiphyseal plates

Answer 41

Interstitial growth

Question 42

How do our bones grow in width and stay fresh?

Answer 42

Osteoblasts slap more bone matrix on the endosteal bone surface, while osteoclasts clean it up

Question 43

This hormone drives epiphyseal plate activity and bone growth

Answer 43

Estrogen

Question 44

This hormone drives bone remodeling to regulate blood calcium homeostasis by negative feedback

Answer 44

Parathyroid

Question 45

What is the main reason that our bones continually remodel?

Answer 45

To regulate blood calcium levels. Usually to increase falling levels because 99% of calcium is stored in the bones

Question 46

Step one of bone remodeling?

Answer 46

Resorption | Osteoclasts come in and break down the bone so that the calcium can be reabsorbed into the blood

Question 47

Step two of bone remodeling?

Answer 47

Deposition | Osteoblasts come in and develop new bone matrix. Phosphate binds to calcium and calcifies

Question 48

Describe wolf's law, which is the second reason our bones continually remodel

Answer 48

Bone grows or remodels in response to the demans placed upon it. More mechanical stress=more bone

Question 49

Which bones are remodeled first? Least stressed or high stressed?

Answer 49

The least stressed

Question 50

Hormonal stress...

Answer 50

determines if and when remodeling occurs

Question 51

Mechanical stress...

Answer 51

determines where remodeling occurs

Question 52

A break in the bone is called what

Answer 52

Fracture

Question 53

Define displaced fracture & nondisplaced fracture

Answer 53

Displaced: bone ends are out of position | Non-displaced: bone ends are not out of position

Question 54

Define complete fracture and incomplete fracture

Answer 54

Complete: bone is snapped in half | Incomplete fracture: bone is only like cracked

Question 55

Define open fracture and closed fracture

Answer 55

Open: bone break through the skin Close: bone break remains under the skin

Question 56

What is step one of bone repair?

Answer 56

Hematoma | Blood clot forms and cleans up the area, leaving it red and swollen

Question 57

What is step two of bone repair?

Answer 57

Fibrocartilage callous forms to hold everything together

Question 58

What is step three of bone repair?

Answer 58

Endochondral ossification occurs all over again and the bone callus replaces the fibrocartilage callus

Question 59

What is step four of bone repair?

Answer 59

Bone remodeling cleans everything up

Question 60

Bone disorder where bones are soft and weak because they don't calcify properly

Answer 60

Osteomalacia

Question 61

Bone disorder seen in children where the epiphyseal plates can't calcify, so the bones just continue to grow al weirdly

Answer 61

Ricket's

Question 62

Bone disorder where more bone is broken down and absorbed than is being made. Produces light and fragile bones. Less mass

Answer 62

Osteoporosis

Question 63

Bone disorder where bone is made and absorbed too quickly, so it can't ever really turn into hard compact bone

Answer 63

Paget's