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Anatomy Class > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Main cell involved with cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

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2
Q

Most abundant type of cartilage, made up of collagen

A

Hyaline

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3
Q

Parallel rows of condrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers. This cartilage has the highest tensile strength

A

Fibrocartilage

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4
Q

The growth of cartilage in width, occurs on the outer edges

A

Appositional Growth

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5
Q

The growth of cartilage in length, occurs inside the cartilage

A

Interstitial Growth

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6
Q

Smooth, dense outer layer of bone

A

Compact Bone

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7
Q

Honeycomb structure with trabeculae holding it together

A

Spongy Bone

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8
Q

The shaft of a long bone

A

Diaphysis

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9
Q

The ends of a long bone

A

Epiphysis

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10
Q

The inner cavity of the bone that has no bone tissue, and is filled completely with bone marrow

A

Medullary Cavity

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11
Q

What is between compact bone and the medullary cavity?

A

Spongy bone

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12
Q

Between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Has one name as an adult and one as a child

A

Epiphysial Plate/Line

Growth Plate

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13
Q

Membrane that covers the external surface of the bone

A

Periosteum

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14
Q

Membrane that covers the internal surface of the bone

A

Endosteum

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15
Q

The main difference between long bone and spongy bone

A

Doesn’t have a medullary (marrow) cavity

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16
Q

Bone cells that are highly mitotic and are responsible for building bones up

A

Osteoblasts

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17
Q

Bone cells that break down bone and reabsorb it

A

Osteoclasts

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18
Q

Bone cells that are basically the control center of the whole bone building/breaking down process

A

Osteocytes

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19
Q

Bone cells which are stem cells that turn into osteoblasts when signaled

A

Osteogenic cell

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20
Q

Groups of hollow tubes in compact bone that are filled with veins, arteries, and nerves

A

Lamella

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21
Q

The process of turning fetal cartilage into flat bone

A

Intramembraneous Ossification

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22
Q

The process of turning fetal cartilage into the rest of the skeleton

A

Endochondral Ossification

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23
Q

The formation of blood cells in the bone marrow

A

Hematopoiesis

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24
Q

Tiny weight-bearing pillars that are the main structural unit of compact bone

A

Osteons

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25
Q

Explain what happens when a bone calcifies

A

Phosphate in the bone binds with calcium in the blood and forms a crystal

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26
Q

What is the simplest way to define ossification?

A

The creation of bone

27
Q

Step one of intramembranous ossification

A

Ossification center forms

28
Q

Step two of intramembranous ossification

A

Osteoid undergoes ossification

29
Q

Step three of intramembranous ossification

A

Woven bone and periosteum form

30
Q

Step four of intramembranous ossification

A

Lamellar bone replaces woven bone while compact/spongy bone form

31
Q

Step one of endochondral ossification

A

Fetal cartilage develops

32
Q

Step two of endchondral ossifcation

A

Cartilage calcifies and periosteal bone collar forms

33
Q

Step three of endochondral ossification

A

Primary ossification center forms in the middle of the diaphysis

34
Q

Step four of endochondral ossification

A

Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses

35
Q

Interstitial bone growth from the primary ossification center in the diaphysis grows in what direction?

A

It grows outward in both directions

36
Q

Osteoblasts create more bone matrix then we need and osteoclasts clean up the rest. Why?

A

This allows the osteoclasts to create the medullary cavity and trabeculae

37
Q

Step five of endochondral ossification

A

Bone replaces all cartilage except the epiphyseal plate and hyaline on the end of the bones

38
Q

Step six of endochondral ossification

A

The epiphyseal plate hardens/ossifies into the epiphyseal line

39
Q

Describe how ossification in the epiphyseal plate takes place

A

We take stuff from the top of the epiphyseal plate, push it down, harden it, and then add it to the diaphysis

40
Q

Describe zones 1-5 of the epiphyseal plate

A 
Zone 1: Resting cartilage (top)
Zone 2: Chondrocytes divide quickly
Zone 3: Chondrocytes grow 
Zone 4: Chondrocytes harden
Zone 5: Chondrocytes are ossified and added to the diaphysis (bone)
41
Q

Bone growth in length which happens at the epiphyseal plates

A

Interstitial growth

42
Q

How do our bones grow in width and stay fresh?

A

Osteoblasts slap more bone matrix on the endosteal bone surface, while osteoclasts clean it up

43
Q

This hormone drives epiphyseal plate activity and bone growth

A

Estrogen

44
Q

This hormone drives bone remodeling to regulate blood calcium homeostasis by negative feedback

A

Parathyroid

45
Q

What is the main reason that our bones continually remodel?

A

To regulate blood calcium levels. Usually to increase falling levels because 99% of calcium is stored in the bones

46
Q

Step one of bone remodeling?

A

Resorption

Osteoclasts come in and break down the bone so that the calcium can be reabsorbed into the blood

47
Q

Step two of bone remodeling?

A

Deposition

Osteoblasts come in and develop new bone matrix. Phosphate binds to calcium and calcifies

48
Q

Describe wolf’s law, which is the second reason our bones continually remodel

A

Bone grows or remodels in response to the demans placed upon it.
More mechanical stress=more bone

49
Q

Which bones are remodeled first? Least stressed or high stressed?

A

The least stressed

50
Q

Hormonal stress…

A

determines if and when remodeling occurs

51
Q

Mechanical stress…

A

determines where remodeling occurs

52
Q

A break in the bone is called what

A

Fracture

53
Q

Define displaced fracture & nondisplaced fracture

A

Displaced: bone ends are out of position

Non-displaced: bone ends are not out of position

54
Q

Define complete fracture and incomplete fracture

A

Complete: bone is snapped in half

Incomplete fracture: bone is only like cracked

55
Q

Define open fracture and closed fracture

A

Open: bone break through the skin
Close: bone break remains under the skin

56
Q

What is step one of bone repair?

A

Hematoma

Blood clot forms and cleans up the area, leaving it red and swollen

57
Q

What is step two of bone repair?

A

Fibrocartilage callous forms to hold everything together

58
Q

What is step three of bone repair?

A

Endochondral ossification occurs all over again and the bone callus replaces the fibrocartilage callus

59
Q

What is step four of bone repair?

A

Bone remodeling cleans everything up

60
Q

Bone disorder where bones are soft and weak because they don’t calcify properly

A

Osteomalacia

61
Q

Bone disorder seen in children where the epiphyseal plates can’t calcify, so the bones just continue to grow al weirdly

A

Ricket’s

62
Q

Bone disorder where more bone is broken down and absorbed than is being made. Produces light and fragile bones. Less mass

A

Osteoporosis

63
Q

Bone disorder where bone is made and absorbed too quickly, so it can’t ever really turn into hard compact bone

A

Paget’s

Anatomy Class (6 decks)

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