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exercise physiology and pharmacology > bones > Flashcards

bones Flashcards

1
Q

what two parts is the skeleton split into?

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

how many bones are there in the skeleton?

A

206

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3
Q

list the types of bone

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
  • sesamoid bones
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4
Q

give the structure of the long bone

A

long shaft, two articular surfaces, mostly compact bone. e.g. femur, tibia

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5
Q

give the structure of the short bone

A

cube shaped, thin layer of compact bone with spongy centre.

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6
Q

give the structure of the flat bone

A

parallel layers of compact bone and spongy centre

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7
Q

give the structure of the irregular bone

A

thin layers of compact bone surrounded in a spongy centre

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8
Q

give the structure of the sesamoid bone

A

bones embedded in tendons or muscle

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9
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate?

A

the place where long bones grow. closes when puberty begins

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10
Q

where is red bone marrow found? what is its purpose?

A

found in spongy bone, responsible for haemopoeisis.

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11
Q

where is yellow bone marrow found? what is its purpose?

A

medullary cavity - triglyceride store

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12
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

layer of connective tissue where a lot of bone forming cells reside

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13
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

contains bone forming cells, involved in protection of bone. location of tendon attachment

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14
Q

what effect do adipocytes have?

A

reduce capacity for haematopoiesis and osteoblast activity

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15
Q

what is a fibrous joint?

A

a joint in which bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue rich in collagen fibres

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16
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint?

A

a joint held together by cartilage

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17
Q

what is a synovial joint?

A

a joint in which bones are held together by connective tissue within a capsule and often by ligaments

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18
Q

which type of joint permits movement?

A

synovial

19
Q

what is the benefit of warming up?

A

encourages production and secretion of synovial fluid, responsible for lubrication. also brings phagocytic cells to remove debris and microbes

20
Q

what is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

A

LIGAMENTS join bone to bone

TENDONS join muscle to bone

21
Q

what are the properties of ligaments?

A
  • dispersed fibroblasts
  • collagen is less well organised
  • elastic and strong
22
Q

what are the properties of tendons?

A
  • parallel rows of fibroblasts
  • well organised collagen
  • non elastic and tough
23
Q

what does cartilage consist of?

A

collagen, elastin fibres and proteoglycan

24
Q

list the types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
25
Q

what is hyaline cartilage?

A

the most abundant form of cartilage, present in many locations such as bronchi, larynx

26
Q

what is fibrocartilage?

A

strongest form of cartilage, present in invertebral disks, menisci of knee joint

27
Q

what is elastic cartilage?

A

cartilage that is not associated with bone, e.g. epiglottis

28
Q

what are the potental effects of exercise on tendons?

A

MECHANICAL ADAPTATION - remodelling in response to strength and endurance training
INCREASED TURNOVER OF COLLAGEN - anabolism predominates and crosslinks increase
TENDON FIBROBLAST INVOLVEMENT - response to stretch and alteration of extracellular matrix

29
Q

what is the effect of exercise on ligaments?

A

increased stretch and flexibility

30
Q

what is the effect of exercise on cartilage?

A

increased thickness of hyaline cartilage, protection, reduced risk of injury and osteoarthritis

31
Q

what is the effect of exercise on synovial fluid?

A

increased production, greater lubrication, cushioning and shock absorption

32
Q

list the different types of synovial joint

A
  • ball and socket
  • pivot
  • hinge
  • planar
  • condyloid
  • saddle
33
Q

what types of movement can occur at synovial joints?

A 
gliding
rotation
angular 
flexion 
extension 
hyperextension 
abduction 
adduction 
circumduction
34
Q

what is the role of osteocytes?

A

bone formation, mineralisation and the control of other cells and transduction of information

35
Q

what is the role of osteoclasts?

A

resorption

36
Q

what is the role of osteoblasts?

A

bone formation

37
Q

why is it important to be able to extract calcium from bone?

A

metabolic needs outweigh skeletal needs, calcium is needed for cardiac contractility and nerve transmission

38
Q

what is gigantism an example of?

A

a condition where bone resorption and formation are not matched - childhood secretion of pituitary growth hormone

39
Q

what is acromegaly an example of?

A

a condition where bone resorption and formation are not matched - caused by adult hyper secretion of GH

40
Q

how is bone mineral density measured?

A

dual X-ray absorptiometry - determines what proportion of the X-ray energy has been absorbed related to density

41
Q

what is the response to exercise for bone regulation?

A

higher BMD

42
Q

how does mechanical force cause bone remodelling?

A

exercise -> stress on bone -> altered fluid flow in lacuna canalicular fluid -> osteocytes detect shear stress and hydrostatic pressure waves -> hormonal/biochemical messenger release -> recruitment of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

43
Q

what do osteoblasts cause?

A

protein secretion, mineralisation

44
Q

what do osteoclasts cause?

A

resorption, autocrine and paracrine control of remodelling

exercise physiology and pharmacology (11 decks)

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