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Anatomy - FoM > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Sternum (breastbone)

A
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2
Q

femur

A
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3
Q
A
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4
Q

Osteology

A

the study of bones

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5
Q

Axial skeleton

A
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6
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

symmetrical

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7
Q

Sutures of the skull
what type of joint is it?
until what age do they not fully close in humans?

A

Fibrous joints
age 2 - babies have a soft spot on their brains = exposed brain

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8
Q

The 8 cranial bones

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Sphenoid -> butterfly shaped + shares close anatomical relationship with the pituitary gland. pituitary can be accessed surgically through the sphenoid bone and sinues (approach for pituitary adenomas)

Ethmoid -> where sinuses open up into the nasal cavity

Sinus - a cavity, space, or channel in the body. hollow spaces in the bones and channels for blood and lymph.

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9
Q

coronal suture joins which brain bones?

A

Frontal + Parietal

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10
Q

Sagittal suture joinds which brain bones?

A

the 2 parietal bones

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11
Q

lambdoidal suture joins which brain bones?

A

occipital and parietal bones

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12
Q

Ethmoid bone

A
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13
Q

Hormones produced by the pituitary gland (below the hypothalamus( + connecting to the ethmoid bone

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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14
Q

Foramia / foramen magnum

A

foramina are holes that nerves and arteries and veins pass through

foramen magnum is located at the base of the skull, where the spinal cord exits

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15
Q

Facial bones - 14

A
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16
Q

Cervical vertebrae
C1
C2

A

Total =7
C1 - Atlas
* allows head to nod up and down
C2 - Axis
* allows head to shake left and right

C = 7
T= 12

L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused

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17
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Total = 12

C = 7
T= 12

L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused

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18
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Total = 5

C = 7
T= 12

L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused

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19
Q

Sacrum Vertebrae

A

os sacrum
5 fused sacral - known collectively as sacrum

C = 7
T= 12

L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused

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20
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae

A

coccyx
3-5 fused coccygeal
colloquially known as the tail bone

L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused

C = 7
T= 12

typically humans have 4. Number can vary due to genetic and developmental factors

The coccyx is considered a vestigial structure, meaning it’s a remnant of a tail that our distant mammalian ancestors had. Over time, as humans evolved, the tail became less necessary, and the coccyx became much smaller and less functional, but it still serves as an attachment site for various muscles, tendons, and ligaments, especially those involved in posture and movement.

Age: The coccygeal vertebrae tend to fuse with age. In newborns or young children, these vertebrae are separate, but they gradually fuse together as a person matures.

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21
Q

Ribs

A

Total number = 12
True ribs = 1-7
* attachemnts directly to sternum via costal cartilage
False ribs = 8-12
* 8-10: attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage to cartilage from ribs above
* 11-12: floating, no attachment

Costal = referring specifically to the cartilage connecting the RIBS to the STERNUM (breastbone)

Reminder of cartilage composition:
* cartilage cells = chondrocytes
* embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers + proteoglycans
* HERE–> more flexible + more elastic than other types of cartilage .e.g hyaline cartilage found in joints

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22
Q

sternum bones

A

Manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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23
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

connects upper limbs to axial skeleton

scapula = shoulder blades (2) -> highly mobile in humans -> articulates with clavicle through ACROMIUM PROCESS
clavicle = collar bone (2)

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24
Q

Forearm bones

A

olecranon = elbow, at proximal end of ulna, medial to the radius as anatomical position
radius is lateral to the ulna, articulating distally with the carpals/wrist bones –> the SCAPHOID + LUNATE bones

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25
Q

Wristbones = carpals

A

from lateral to medial –> trapezium etc etc

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26
Q

Hand bones

A

single finger bone = phalanx

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27
Q

pelvic girdle

A

single os coxa composed of 3 fused bones
girdle composed of 2 halves

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28
Q

Largest bone in the body

A

Femur
- articulating with the pelvis via the ACETABULUM

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29
Q

LOWER LIMB consisting of

A

Tibia(shinbone) + Fibula

Tibia articulates proximally with the femur
Finula articulates with the tibia instead

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30
Q

Foot bones

A

Tarsals = ankle bones

meet the tibia through the TALUS bone
talus articulate with the calcaneus /heel bone

METATARSALS = making plantar section of the bone + articulate with the phalanges (toe bones)

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31
Q

Bone tissue - general - see image

A
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32
Q

Endochonral ossification

A

process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)

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33
Q

Tuberosity/Tubercle (meaning)

A

a rounded large prominence on a bone, serving for attachment of muscles or ligaments

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34
Q

malleolus meaning

lateral malleolus
medial malleolus

A

bony prominence on each side of the human ankle

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35
Q

condyle

A

the round prominence at the end of a bone - part of a joint - an articulation with another bone

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36
Q

trochanter

A

a tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone

37
Q

styloid process

A

(from Greek stylos (στῦλος), “pillar”), usually serving as points of attachment for muscles

38
Q
A

head of humerus

39
Q

Fossae (pl) Fossa

A

cavity, space

40
Q

foraminae (pl), foramen

A

hole

40
Q
A
41
Q

bone callus

A

bony and cartilaginous material forming a connecting bridge across a bone fracture during repair. Within one to two weeks after injury, a provisional callus forms, enveloping the fracture site.

42
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones of
- skull
- neck
- trunk

43
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of
- pectoral girdle
- upper limbs
- pelvic girdle
- lower limbs

44
Q
A
45
Q

pectoral girdle bones

A
46
Q

spehnoid bone of skull

A
47
Q

ethmoid bone of skull

A

at the roof of the nasal cavity

48
Q

total number of skull bones

A

8
2 parietal
1 frontal
2 temporal
1 occipital
1 sphenoid
1 ethmoid

49
Q

skull sutures

A
50
Q

foramen magnum

A

found in cranial base - where the spinal cord is found

51
Q

the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join to form the …

A

pterion - H

52
Q

facial skeleton bones

A
53
Q
A
54
Q

Number of bones in the spine - ie vertebrae

A

30-33
CT LSC
C1-7 articulating ie separated by intervertebral discs
T1-12 articulating
L1-5 articulating
S1-5 fused
C fused

55
Q

Girdle

A

The bones that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

56
Q

Pectoral meaning

A

Chest

57
Q

Pectoral girdles

A

Clavicle - only this has direct contact with axial skeleton
Scapula - indirect contact to axial skeleton through its contact to the clavicle

Acromion process of scapula

Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Infraspinous fossa of scapula

58
Q

Glenoid fossa

A

Where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula

59
Q

Coracoid process

A
60
Q

which are the 4 articulations of the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacroiliac joints (x2) – between the ilium of the hip bones, and the sacrum
Sacrococcygeal symphysis – between the sacrum and the coccyx.
Pubic symphysis – between the pubis bodies of the two hip bones.

61
Q

ischium function

A

As part of the hip joint, this bone plays a very important role in leg mobility, balance, standing up, and lifting tasks.

62
Q
A
63
Q

ilium function

A

serves a weight-bearing function and is part of the structure that ensures the spine is supported when the body is upright.

64
Q

pubis function

A

protect the intestines, bladder, and internal sex organs.

65
Q

location of transverse process of vertebra

muscle, ligaments + rib articulations

A
66
Q

location of spinous process of vertebra

muscle and ligament attachments

A
67
Q

location of inferior articular process of vertebra

A
68
Q

location of superior articular process of vertebra

A
69
Q

location of vertebral arch and what is consists of

A

consists of 2 pedicles + 2 lamina

70
Q

location of intervertebral foramen of vertebra

A
71
Q

facet joints of vertebra

(zygapophyseal) joint

A

keep vertebra properly alligned
allow movement of vertebral bodies

72
Q

function of vertebral body

A

in supporting weight

73
Q

vertebral foramen

A

when you stack the FORAMINA, it forms the vertebral(spinal) canal

74
Q

what is special about the C1 - Atlas

A
  1. does not have a body OR spinous process
  2. it has a posterior arch and an anterior arch instead

for nodding
no intervertebral discs btn C1 and C2

75
Q

what is special about the C2 - axis

A

has an odontoid process

C1 (atlas) pivots around the C2 - axis

for shaking for no
no intervertebral discs btn C1 and C2

76
Q

true rubs

A

1-7
attach directly to sternum

vertebrosternal

77
Q

False ribs

A

8-10 (3 of them)
attach indirectly to sternum via the costal cartilage abovE)

vertebrochondral (chondroblast = cartilage)

78
Q

floating ribs

A

11 + 12
do not attach to sternum
end up in posterior abdominal musculature

79
Q

superior thoracic aperture

A
80
Q

inferior thoracic aperture

inferior thoracic aperture

A

ring-like origin of diaphragm

81
Q

the skeleton is composed of…

A
  1. bones *rich in blood vessels
  2. cartilage *no blood vessels
82
Q

primary site for RBC formaiton in infants

A

red bone marrow in the inner medulla of long bones

inner medulla is the spongy bone (still hard, but not as hard)

83
Q

colour of bone marrow in adultsq

A

yellow bone marrow (fat)

84
Q

Bones basics structure

A
85
Q

Bones basics structure

A
86
Q

carpal bones

A
87
Q

hand bones

A
88
Q

carpal bones mnemonic

A

TTCH
SLTP

“Some Lovers Try Positions,
That They Can’t Handle”

Scaphoid - like a boat
Lunate - like a half moon
Trapezium / trapezoid - table
Piziform – pea
Capitate - face
Hamate - hunger

Anatomy - FoM (7 decks)

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