Bones Flashcards
Sternum (breastbone)
femur
Osteology
the study of bones
Axial skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
symmetrical
Sutures of the skull
what type of joint is it?
until what age do they not fully close in humans?
Fibrous joints
age 2 - babies have a soft spot on their brains = exposed brain
The 8 cranial bones
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid -> butterfly shaped + shares close anatomical relationship with the pituitary gland. pituitary can be accessed surgically through the sphenoid bone and sinues (approach for pituitary adenomas)
Ethmoid -> where sinuses open up into the nasal cavity
Sinus - a cavity, space, or channel in the body. hollow spaces in the bones and channels for blood and lymph.
coronal suture joins which brain bones?
Frontal + Parietal
Sagittal suture joinds which brain bones?
the 2 parietal bones
lambdoidal suture joins which brain bones?
occipital and parietal bones
Ethmoid bone
Hormones produced by the pituitary gland (below the hypothalamus( + connecting to the ethmoid bone
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Foramia / foramen magnum
foramina are holes that nerves and arteries and veins pass through
foramen magnum is located at the base of the skull, where the spinal cord exits
Facial bones - 14
Cervical vertebrae
C1
C2
Total =7
C1 - Atlas
* allows head to nod up and down
C2 - Axis
* allows head to shake left and right
C = 7
T= 12
L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused
Thoracic vertebrae
Total = 12
C = 7
T= 12
L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused
Lumbar vertebrae
Total = 5
C = 7
T= 12
L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused
Sacrum Vertebrae
os sacrum
5 fused sacral - known collectively as sacrum
C = 7
T= 12
L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused
Coccygeal vertebrae
coccyx
3-5 fused coccygeal
colloquially known as the tail bone
L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused
C = 7
T= 12
typically humans have 4. Number can vary due to genetic and developmental factors
The coccyx is considered a vestigial structure, meaning it’s a remnant of a tail that our distant mammalian ancestors had. Over time, as humans evolved, the tail became less necessary, and the coccyx became much smaller and less functional, but it still serves as an attachment site for various muscles, tendons, and ligaments, especially those involved in posture and movement.
Age: The coccygeal vertebrae tend to fuse with age. In newborns or young children, these vertebrae are separate, but they gradually fuse together as a person matures.
Ribs
Total number = 12
True ribs = 1-7
* attachemnts directly to sternum via costal cartilage
False ribs = 8-12
* 8-10: attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage to cartilage from ribs above
* 11-12: floating, no attachment
Costal = referring specifically to the cartilage connecting the RIBS to the STERNUM (breastbone)
Reminder of cartilage composition:
* cartilage cells = chondrocytes
* embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers + proteoglycans
* HERE–> more flexible + more elastic than other types of cartilage .e.g hyaline cartilage found in joints
sternum bones
Manubrium
body
xiphoid process
Pectoral girdle
connects upper limbs to axial skeleton
scapula = shoulder blades (2) -> highly mobile in humans -> articulates with clavicle through ACROMIUM PROCESS
clavicle = collar bone (2)
Forearm bones
olecranon = elbow, at proximal end of ulna, medial to the radius as anatomical position
radius is lateral to the ulna, articulating distally with the carpals/wrist bones –> the SCAPHOID + LUNATE bones
Wristbones = carpals
from lateral to medial –> trapezium etc etc
Hand bones
single finger bone = phalanx
pelvic girdle
single os coxa composed of 3 fused bones
girdle composed of 2 halves
Largest bone in the body
Femur
- articulating with the pelvis via the ACETABULUM
LOWER LIMB consisting of
Tibia(shinbone) + Fibula
Tibia articulates proximally with the femur
Finula articulates with the tibia instead
Foot bones
Tarsals = ankle bones
meet the tibia through the TALUS bone
talus articulate with the calcaneus /heel bone
METATARSALS = making plantar section of the bone + articulate with the phalanges (toe bones)
Bone tissue - general - see image
Endochonral ossification
process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)
Tuberosity/Tubercle (meaning)
a rounded large prominence on a bone, serving for attachment of muscles or ligaments
malleolus meaning
lateral malleolus
medial malleolus
bony prominence on each side of the human ankle
condyle
the round prominence at the end of a bone - part of a joint - an articulation with another bone
trochanter
a tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone
styloid process
(from Greek stylos (στῦλος), “pillar”), usually serving as points of attachment for muscles
head of humerus
Fossae (pl) Fossa
cavity, space
foraminae (pl), foramen
hole
bone callus
bony and cartilaginous material forming a connecting bridge across a bone fracture during repair. Within one to two weeks after injury, a provisional callus forms, enveloping the fracture site.
axial skeleton
bones of
- skull
- neck
- trunk
appendicular skeleton
bones of
- pectoral girdle
- upper limbs
- pelvic girdle
- lower limbs
pectoral girdle bones
spehnoid bone of skull
ethmoid bone of skull
at the roof of the nasal cavity
total number of skull bones
8
2 parietal
1 frontal
2 temporal
1 occipital
1 sphenoid
1 ethmoid
skull sutures
foramen magnum
found in cranial base - where the spinal cord is found
the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join to form the …
pterion - H
facial skeleton bones
Number of bones in the spine - ie vertebrae
30-33
CT LSC
C1-7 articulating ie separated by intervertebral discs
T1-12 articulating
L1-5 articulating
S1-5 fused
C fused
Girdle
The bones that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
Pectoral meaning
Chest
Pectoral girdles
Clavicle - only this has direct contact with axial skeleton
Scapula - indirect contact to axial skeleton through its contact to the clavicle
Acromion process of scapula
Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Infraspinous fossa of scapula
Glenoid fossa
Where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula
Coracoid process
which are the 4 articulations of the pelvic girdle?
Sacroiliac joints (x2) – between the ilium of the hip bones, and the sacrum
Sacrococcygeal symphysis – between the sacrum and the coccyx.
Pubic symphysis – between the pubis bodies of the two hip bones.
ischium function
As part of the hip joint, this bone plays a very important role in leg mobility, balance, standing up, and lifting tasks.
ilium function
serves a weight-bearing function and is part of the structure that ensures the spine is supported when the body is upright.
pubis function
protect the intestines, bladder, and internal sex organs.
location of transverse process of vertebra
muscle, ligaments + rib articulations
location of spinous process of vertebra
muscle and ligament attachments
location of inferior articular process of vertebra
location of superior articular process of vertebra
location of vertebral arch and what is consists of
consists of 2 pedicles + 2 lamina
location of intervertebral foramen of vertebra
facet joints of vertebra
(zygapophyseal) joint
keep vertebra properly alligned
allow movement of vertebral bodies
function of vertebral body
in supporting weight
vertebral foramen
when you stack the FORAMINA, it forms the vertebral(spinal) canal
what is special about the C1 - Atlas
- does not have a body OR spinous process
- it has a posterior arch and an anterior arch instead
for nodding
no intervertebral discs btn C1 and C2
what is special about the C2 - axis
has an odontoid process
C1 (atlas) pivots around the C2 - axis
for shaking for no
no intervertebral discs btn C1 and C2
true rubs
1-7
attach directly to sternum
vertebrosternal
False ribs
8-10 (3 of them)
attach indirectly to sternum via the costal cartilage abovE)
vertebrochondral (chondroblast = cartilage)
floating ribs
11 + 12
do not attach to sternum
end up in posterior abdominal musculature
superior thoracic aperture
inferior thoracic aperture
inferior thoracic aperture
ring-like origin of diaphragm
the skeleton is composed of…
- bones *rich in blood vessels
- cartilage *no blood vessels
primary site for RBC formaiton in infants
red bone marrow in the inner medulla of long bones
inner medulla is the spongy bone (still hard, but not as hard)
colour of bone marrow in adultsq
yellow bone marrow (fat)
Bones basics structure
Bones basics structure
carpal bones
hand bones
carpal bones mnemonic
TTCH
SLTP
“Some Lovers Try Positions,
That They Can’t Handle”
Scaphoid - like a boat
Lunate - like a half moon
Trapezium / trapezoid - table
Piziform – pea
Capitate - face
Hamate - hunger
