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Anatomy - FoM > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Sternum (breastbone)

A
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2
Q

femur

A
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3
Q
A
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4
Q

Osteology

A

the study of bones

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5
Q

Axial skeleton

A
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6
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

symmetrical

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7
Q

Sutures of the skull
what type of joint is it?
until what age do they not fully close in humans?

A

Fibrous joints
age 2 - babies have a soft spot on their brains = exposed brain

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8
Q

The 8 cranial bones

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Sphenoid -> butterfly shaped + shares close anatomical relationship with the pituitary gland. pituitary can be accessed surgically through the sphenoid bone and sinues (approach for pituitary adenomas)

Ethmoid -> where sinuses open up into the nasal cavity

Sinus - a cavity, space, or channel in the body. hollow spaces in the bones and channels for blood and lymph.

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9
Q

coronal suture joins which brain bones?

A

Frontal + Parietal

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10
Q

Sagittal suture joinds which brain bones?

A

the 2 parietal bones

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11
Q

lambdoidal suture joins which brain bones?

A

occipital and parietal bones

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12
Q

Ethmoid bone

A
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13
Q

Hormones produced by the pituitary gland (below the hypothalamus( + connecting to the ethmoid bone

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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14
Q

Foramia / foramen magnum

A

foramina are holes that nerves and arteries and veins pass through

foramen magnum is located at the base of the skull, where the spinal cord exits

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15
Q

Facial bones - 14

A
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16
Q

Cervical vertebrae
C1
C2

A

Total =7
C1 - Atlas
* allows head to nod up and down
C2 - Axis
* allows head to shake left and right

C = 7
T= 12

L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused

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17
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Total = 12

C = 7
T= 12

L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused

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18
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Total = 5

C = 7
T= 12

L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused

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19
Q

Sacrum Vertebrae

A

os sacrum
5 fused sacral - known collectively as sacrum

C = 7
T= 12

L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused

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20
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae

A

coccyx
3-5 fused coccygeal
colloquially known as the tail bone

L=5
S=5 fused
C = 3-5 fused

C = 7
T= 12

typically humans have 4. Number can vary due to genetic and developmental factors

The coccyx is considered a vestigial structure, meaning it’s a remnant of a tail that our distant mammalian ancestors had. Over time, as humans evolved, the tail became less necessary, and the coccyx became much smaller and less functional, but it still serves as an attachment site for various muscles, tendons, and ligaments, especially those involved in posture and movement.

Age: The coccygeal vertebrae tend to fuse with age. In newborns or young children, these vertebrae are separate, but they gradually fuse together as a person matures.

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21
Q

Ribs

A

Total number = 12
True ribs = 1-7
* attachemnts directly to sternum via costal cartilage
False ribs = 8-12
* 8-10: attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage to cartilage from ribs above
* 11-12: floating, no attachment

Costal = referring specifically to the cartilage connecting the RIBS to the STERNUM (breastbone)

Reminder of cartilage composition:
* cartilage cells = chondrocytes
* embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers + proteoglycans
* HERE–> more flexible + more elastic than other types of cartilage .e.g hyaline cartilage found in joints

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22
Q

sternum bones

A

Manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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23
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

connects upper limbs to axial skeleton

scapula = shoulder blades (2) -> highly mobile in humans -> articulates with clavicle through ACROMIUM PROCESS
clavicle = collar bone (2)

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24
Q

Forearm bones

A

olecranon = elbow, at proximal end of ulna, medial to the radius as anatomical position
radius is lateral to the ulna, articulating distally with the carpals/wrist bones –> the SCAPHOID + LUNATE bones

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25
Wristbones = carpals
## Footnote from lateral to medial --> trapezium etc etc
26
Hand bones
## Footnote single finger bone = phalanx
27
pelvic girdle
## Footnote single os coxa composed of 3 fused bones girdle composed of 2 halves
28
Largest bone in the body
Femur - articulating with the pelvis via the ACETABULUM
29
LOWER LIMB consisting of
Tibia(shinbone) + Fibula ## Footnote Tibia articulates proximally with the femur Finula articulates with the tibia instead
30
Foot bones
Tarsals = ankle bones ## Footnote meet the tibia through the TALUS bone talus articulate with the calcaneus /heel bone METATARSALS = making plantar section of the bone + articulate with the phalanges (toe bones)
31
Bone tissue - general - see image
32
Endochonral ossification
process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone (ossifies)
33
Tuberosity/Tubercle (meaning)
a rounded large prominence on a bone, serving for attachment of muscles or ligaments
34
malleolus meaning | lateral malleolus medial malleolus
bony prominence on each side of the human ankle
35
condyle
the round prominence at the end of a bone - part of a joint - an articulation with another bone
36
trochanter
a tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone
37
styloid process
(from Greek stylos (στῦλος), "pillar"), usually serving as points of attachment for muscles
38
head of humerus
39
Fossae (pl) Fossa
cavity, space
40
foraminae (pl), foramen
hole
40
41
bone callus
bony and cartilaginous material forming a connecting bridge across a bone fracture during repair. Within one to two weeks after injury, a provisional callus forms, enveloping the fracture site.
42
axial skeleton
bones of - skull - neck - trunk
43
appendicular skeleton
bones of - pectoral girdle - upper limbs - pelvic girdle - lower limbs
44
45
pectoral girdle bones
46
spehnoid bone of skull
47
ethmoid bone of skull
at the roof of the nasal cavity
48
total number of skull bones
8 2 parietal 1 frontal 2 temporal 1 occipital 1 sphenoid 1 ethmoid
49
skull sutures
50
foramen magnum
found in cranial base - where the spinal cord is found
51
the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join to form the ...
pterion - H
52
facial skeleton bones
53
54
Number of bones in the spine - ie vertebrae
30-33 CT LSC C1-7 articulating ie separated by intervertebral discs T1-12 articulating L1-5 articulating S1-5 fused C fused
55
Girdle
The bones that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
56
Pectoral meaning
Chest
57
Pectoral girdles
Clavicle - only this has direct contact with axial skeleton Scapula - indirect contact to axial skeleton through its contact to the clavicle Acromion process of scapula Supraspinous fossa of scapula Infraspinous fossa of scapula
58
Glenoid fossa
Where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula
59
Coracoid process
60
which are the 4 articulations of the pelvic girdle?
Sacroiliac joints (x2) – between the ilium of the hip bones, and the sacrum Sacrococcygeal symphysis – between the sacrum and the coccyx. Pubic symphysis – between the pubis bodies of the two hip bones.
61
ischium function
As part of the hip joint, this bone plays a very important role in leg mobility, balance, standing up, and lifting tasks.
62
63
ilium function
serves a weight-bearing function and is part of the structure that ensures the spine is supported when the body is upright.
64
pubis function
protect the intestines, bladder, and internal sex organs.
65
location of transverse process of vertebra ## Footnote muscle, ligaments + rib articulations
66
location of spinous process of vertebra ## Footnote muscle and ligament attachments
67
location of inferior articular process of vertebra
68
location of superior articular process of vertebra
69
location of vertebral arch and what is consists of
consists of 2 pedicles + 2 lamina
70
location of intervertebral foramen of vertebra
71
facet joints of vertebra | (zygapophyseal) joint
keep vertebra properly alligned allow movement of vertebral bodies
72
function of vertebral body
in supporting weight
73
vertebral foramen
when you stack the FORAMINA, it forms the vertebral(spinal) canal
74
what is special about the C1 - Atlas
1. does not have a body OR spinous process 2. it has a posterior arch and an anterior arch instead ## Footnote for nodding no intervertebral discs btn C1 and C2
75
what is special about the C2 - axis
has an odontoid process | C1 (atlas) pivots around the C2 - axis ## Footnote for shaking for no no intervertebral discs btn C1 and C2
76
true rubs
1-7 attach directly to sternum | vertebrosternal
77
False ribs
8-10 (3 of them) attach indirectly to sternum via the costal cartilage abovE) | vertebrochondral (chondroblast = cartilage)
78
floating ribs
11 + 12 do not attach to sternum end up in posterior abdominal musculature
79
superior thoracic aperture
80
# inferior thoracic aperture inferior thoracic aperture
ring-like origin of diaphragm
81
the skeleton is composed of...
1. bones *rich in blood vessels 2. cartilage *no blood vessels
82
primary site for RBC formaiton in infants
red bone marrow in the inner medulla of long bones | inner medulla is the spongy bone (still hard, but not as hard)
83
colour of bone marrow in adultsq
yellow bone marrow (fat)
84
Bones basics structure
85
Bones basics structure
86
carpal bones
87
hand bones
88
carpal bones mnemonic
TTCH SLTP "Some Lovers Try Positions, That They Can't Handle" ## Footnote Scaphoid - like a boat Lunate - like a half moon Trapezium / trapezoid - table Piziform -- pea Capitate - face Hamate - hunger

Anatomy - FoM (7 decks)

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