Bones Flashcards
Bone function
Support body
Store minerals and fat
Produce blood cells
Protect organs
facilitate movement
Types of bones
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
long bones act as
Levers
Shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
Head of a long bone
epiphysis
Metaphysis
in between Epiphysis and diaphysis
Physis/epiphyseal plate
Growth plate
in between Diaphysis and Epiphysis
Example of long bone
femur
example of flat bone
skull bones
example of irregular bone
vertebra
example of a sesamoid bone
patella
what is a sesamoid bone
an extra bone at a joint for muscle attachment
Axial skeleton has…
the skull and spine
Unpaired skull bones are…
on the midline
bones of the cranium are…
generally flat
for surrounding the brain
bones of the face are…
Those that surround entry points
Dermatocranium bones form from…
bone
chondrocranium bones form from…
Cartilage
Brachycephalic skull type
short, wide head
Pug
Mesaticephalic skull type
regular head shape
Dog
Dolichocephalic skull type
long and narrow head
horse
Anatomical network analysis
which structure touches which
what is their relationship
Cervical vertebrae
neck
thoracic vertebrae
chest
attach to ribs
Lumbar vertebrae
abdomen
Sacral vertebrae
pelvis often fused
Caudal vertebrae
tail
What attaches the ribs to the sternum
cartilage
False ribs attach to the sternum (T/F)
False
Is the sternum one bone
no
made up of sternebrae
May fuse
Ungulates are more likely to have ossified sternabrae (T/F)
True
What are the girdle bones
scapula and pelvis
what do girdle bones make up
the shoulder and hip
appendage attachement
limbs include
all bones past the girdle
what is the difference between an appendage and a limb
an appendage has a girdle
Cursorial mammals
Designed to run
What are adaptations of cursorial mammals
reduced clavicle
elongated distal limb bones
digitigrade or unguligrade posture
What happens to the number of limb bones of cursorial animals
they are reduced
Fused or absent
Brachium
arm
antebrachium
forearm
manus
carpal joint and anything distal
What separates the brachium and antebracium
the elbow
Where to start numbering digits
medially
Which digits are mostly weight bearing
3 and 4
Do cursorial mammals have clavicals
no
they lack bony attachment of the thoracic appendage
What helps cursorial mammals increase their stride length
elongated bones and unguligrade posture
Why do cursorial mammals have a reduced number of limb bones (1)
to reduce the limb weight
increase stride turnover
Why do cursorial mammals have a reduced number of limb bones (2)
increases stability by reducing the number of rotation points (joints)
crus
the leg below the knee
stiffle
the leg below the knee
pes
tarsus and anything distally
Hook
coxal tuber
pin
ischial tuber
Fetlock joint
between metacarpals and phalanges
coffin joint
in between middle phalanx and coffin bones
distal sesamoid bones
only one
called a navicular bone
not present in carnivores (cartilaginous)
Do dongs have an interparietal bone
no
they have an interparietal process of the occipital bone
does the frontal bone attach to the zygomatic arch directly in cats and dogs
no
Does the frontal bone attach to the zygomatic arch in ungulates
yes
what attaches the frontal bone to the zygomatic arch in cats and dogs
the orbital ligament
Ossified in cats
Foramen magnum
opening in the occipital bone for the medulla oblongata
occipital condyles
bumps off the occipital bone
Articulating surfaces for the atlas
Are the parietal and interparietal bones separate in Ox
yes, but they don’t look separate
Lambdoid sutures
separate the parietal bones from the interparietal and occipital bones
which suture separates the occipital and interparietal bones
the occipitointerparietal suture
Mandibular fossa
articulation surface for the condylar process of the mandible
Temporomandibular joint
nasal septum
bony and cartilaginous division of the nasal cavities
nasal conchae
bone scrolls in nasal cavities
Turbinates
nasal conchae
turbulence, acclimatization, and smell
What bones make up the bony nasal septum
nasal bone (dorsal)
ethmoid bone (caudal)
vomer (ventral)
Paranasal sinus
air-filled cavity communicating with nasal cavity
Most extensive paranasal sinus in ox
frontal
Median septum
divides frontal sinuses (L and R)
Oblique transverse septum
divides rostral and caudal frontal sinuses
Diverticula
3 per caudal frontal sinus
passages to other sinuses
lamellae
bone plate projections into the frontal sinus
Maxillary recess
communicates with nasal cavity
not a paranasal sinus
ethmoturbinates
projections of the ethmoid bone
nasal conchae
cribriform plate
ethmoid bone
separates nasal and cranial cavities
olfactory nerve passages
crista galli
ethmoid bone
meninges attachment
middle of cribriform plate
Mandibles are made up of
body
angle
ramus
Condylar process
mandibular fossa connection
jaw movement
coronoid process
muscle attachment in the zygomatic arch
Caudal articular process
vertebrae
smaller
cranial articular process
vertebrae
bigger
vertebral foramen
hole for spinal cord
dorsal part of vertebral arch
lamina
ventral part of vertebral arch
pedicle
external acoustic meatus
opening for auditory canal
Angular process
extra process of the mouse mandible
carpus
wrist
need: accessory carpal bone
accessory carpal bone
muscle attachment
proximal sesamoid bones
two per digit
at metacarpophalangeal joint
Proximal and distal sesamoid bones are only found on the front limb (T/F)
False, both
Proximal phalage
P1
long pastern
Middle phalange
P2
short pastern
Distal phalange
P3
coffin bone
pastern joint
b/ P1 and P2
coffin joint
b/ P2 and P3
Distal interphalangeal joint
b/w P2 and P3
proximal interphalangeal joint
b/ P1 and P2
Buttons
reminants of fused metacarpals
splint bone terminations
Ox digits
III and IV with 3 P
II and V strictly external (dew claws)
Ox metacarpals/metatarsals
I and II absent
III and IV fused
V small or absent
Horse digits
III with 3 P
Horse metacarpals/metatarsals
III robust
II and IV are splint bones
numbering digits
medial to lateral
proximal to distal
tarsus
ankle or Hock
need: calcaneus
coxal tuber in ox and horse
lateral to sacral tuber on same dorsal plane
coxal tuber on horse and swine
ventral to sacral tuber on same sagittal plane
How does the hindlimb transfer so much force
bony linkage (have a pelvic girdle)
fibula in ruminants
fused to tibia
Ruminant fibula not fused to tibia at…
distalmost part
malleolar bone
Horse fibula
significantly reduced proximally
fused distally
Crus
middle hindlimb segment
tibia and fibula
Shank
