bones

Question 1

other name for compact bone & spongy bone ?

Answer 1

cortical bone
trabecular

Question 2

what are the two membranes of the bone

Answer 2

-periosteum
-endosteum

Question 3

describe bone growth when you hit puberty compared to menopause period

Answer 3

puberty-steep bone growth increases
menopause- steep decline in bone growth

Question 4

what does oestorogen inhibit ?

Answer 4

inhibits osteoclasts

therefore less oestorogen then the more resorption and therefore less bone mass!

Question 5

which mechanical loads either make bone mass increase or decrease ??

Answer 5

bed rest - less bone mass

high resistance sports -higher bone mass

Question 6

do athletes have a higher BMD than an average person?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

list the two types of bone ossification & which one is the most common

Answer 7

-endochondral ossification
-intramembranous ossification

endochondral is the most common

Question 8

where does endochondral & intramembranous ossification occur?

Answer 8

endochondral- long bone growth

intramembranous - flat bone , mandible, also long bone

Question 9

how does endochondral ossification work?

Answer 9

starts as a cartilage first then ossify into bone by invasion of blood vessels

1.cartilage ‘model’ is formed first
2.cartilage is invaded by blood vessels
3.cartilage is replaced with bone
4. cartilage only remains in the epiphysis growth plate

Question 10

name of cells responsible for the breaking and remodeling of bones ( dissolving and producing bone matrix)

Answer 10

osteoclasts - breaking down old bone

osteoblast - making new one

Question 11

what are osteocytes & where are they found

Answer 11

are mature cells found inside lacunae

Question 12

what are the two types of bone growth? and describe how they grow

Answer 12

-appositional growth : grows in diameter

-interstitial growth : grows in length

Question 13

appositional growth bones have what on their outside and inside ?

Answer 13

inside - osteoclast resorbers

outside -osteoblast depositors

Question 14

what mainly makes up the extracellular matrix ?

Answer 14

• water , minerals and proteins

Question 15

what type of protein is in the extracellular matrix

Answer 15

collagen type 1

Question 15

the extracellular matrix is Strongly cross-linked & large ‘gaps’ within fibres that provideas space for what?

Answer 15

hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 16

describe Lamellar and woven collagen fibers

Answer 16

lamellar - arranged collagen fibers
woven -randomly arranged

Question 17

what color of bone marrow does the medullary cavity |& spongy bone contain?

Answer 17

medullary cavity ;yellow bone marrow
spongy- red bone marrow ,

Question 18

describe the proscess of intramembranous ossification

Answer 18

there is no cartilage model(doesnt have cartilage )
1. mesechymal stem cells develop into osteoproginator
2. they then mature into osteoblast which is used to make bones

Question 19

what is the function of osteoclast and where are they derived ?

Answer 19

dissolve bone matrix ( breaking down old damaged bone )

derived from heamatopoietic stem cells

Question 20

do osteoclasts have a nucleus and what are is the function of their ruffled border

Answer 20

yes theyre multinucleuated

ruffled border- releases acids to dissolve bone matrix

Question 21

function of osteoblasts & are they mature or immature

Answer 21

produce bone matrix immature bone cells

Question 22

where are osteoblast derived from

Answer 22

osteoproginator cells

Question 23

once osteoblast are surrounded by the bone matrix what do they turn into?

Answer 23

oestocytes

Question 24

give an example of a sesamoid bone & short bone

Answer 24

sesamoid ;patella/kneecap

short; ankle or wrist