Bones

Question 1

What are the functions of the bones?

Answer 1

Storage, support, protection, movement, and blood cell formation

Question 2

How many bones are in an adult human?

Answer 2

206 bones

Question 3

What are the two classifications of bones?

Answer 3

Compact (hard) and spongy

Question 4

What are the classifications of bones according to shape?

Answer 4

Long (humerus), short (talus), flat (sternum), irregular (vertebra)

Question 5

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 5

The shaft, composed of compact bone

Question 6

What is the periosteum?

Answer 6

The fibrous connective tissue membrane that protects the diaphysis

Question 7

What are the connective tissue fibers securing the periosteum?

Answer 7

Perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers

Question 8

What are the epiphyses?

Answer 8

The ends of the long bones, has a thin layer of compact bone with spongy bone

Question 9

What protects the epiphyses?

Answer 9

Articular cartilage, provides smooth surface to decreases friction

Question 10

What is the epiphyseal line?

Answer 10

Only in adult bones, remnant of epiphyseal plate

Question 11

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 11

Hyaline cartilage, present in growing bones, allows lengthwise growth

Question 12

What is the medullary cavity?

Answer 12

The cavity of the shaft in infants, contains red marrow

Question 13

At what age does the red marrow get gradually replaced by yellow marrow?

Answer 13

Ages 6-7

Question 14

What are bone markings?

Answer 14

Reveals where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and where the nerves and blood vessels pass

Question 15

What are the two types of bone markings?

Answer 15

Projections/processes and depressions/cavity

Question 16

What are processes?

Answer 16

Growths of the bone surface, all terms starting with T

Question 17

What are depressions?

Answer 17

Indents in the bone, all terms starting with F (except facet)

Question 18

What is the basic unit of the bone?

Answer 18

Osteocyte

Question 19

Where are osteocytes found?

Answer 19

In the lacuna, tiny cavities containing bone matrix

Question 20

What is the lamellae?

Answer 20

The arrangement of lacunae in concentric circles

Question 21

What is the central/Haversian canal?

Answer 21

Carries nerves and blood vessels to all areas of the bone

Question 22

What is an osteon?

Answer 22

Haversian system, consists of the central canal and matrix rings, structural unit of compact bone

Question 23

What are canaliculi?

Answer 23

Tiny canals that radiates from the central canal to all lacuna

Question 24

What is the function of the canaliculi?

Answer 24

Connects all bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services

Question 25

What are perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)?

Answer 25

Communication pathway from outside the bone to inside

Question 26

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 26

Bone-building cells

Question 27

What is the skeleton primarily made of in embryos?

Answer 27

Hyaline cartilage

Question 28

What do bones use as structural basis?

Answer 28

Cartilage

Question 29

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 29

Bone-eaters

Question 30

What is the first step of ossification?

Answer 30

Hyaline cartilage is surrounded by bone matrix

Question 31

What is the second step of ossification?

Answer 31

The enclosed hyaline cartilage is slowly replaced by bone, and center is digested

Question 32

What is appositional growth?

Answer 32

Bone grows in diameter (widens)

Question 33

What hormones control bone growth?

Answer 33

Growth hormones, sex hormones during puberty

Question 34

Why are bones remodeled?

Answer 34

Response to calcium ion level in blood and the pull of gravity and muscles

Question 35

What is bone remodeling?

Answer 35

Essential for bones to retain normal size and strength

Question 36

How does calcium ion level affect bones?

Answer 36

When calcium levels in blood are too low, osteoclasts break down matrix to release calcium, when calcium is too high, osteoblasts deposit calcium into bone

Question 37

What hormone signals the release of calciums?

Answer 37

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Question 38

How does muscle stress and gravity affect bones?

Answer 38

Bones need to be stronger in these areas so so osteoblasts lay down new matrix

Question 39

What are rickets?

Answer 39

Bones fail to calcify thus the weight-bearing leg bones become bowed, caused by calcium deficiency

Question 40

What are fractures?

Answer 40

Bones breaking

Question 41

What are the types of fractures?

Answer 41

Closed(simple) does not penetrate skin and Open(compound) penetrates skin

Question 42

What is a reduction?

Answer 42

Treatment for fractures

Question 43

What is a closed reduction?

Answer 43

Bone ends are positioned into original position by doctor

Question 44

What is an open reduction?

Answer 44

Surgery is preformed, use of pins and wired

Question 45

What is the minimum healing time for a fracture?

Answer 45

6 to 8 weeks