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AnaPhy > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the bones?

A

Storage, support, protection, movement, and blood cell formation

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2
Q

How many bones are in an adult human?

A

206 bones

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3
Q

What are the two classifications of bones?

A

Compact (hard) and spongy

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4
Q

What are the classifications of bones according to shape?

A

Long (humerus), short (talus), flat (sternum), irregular (vertebra)

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5
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The shaft, composed of compact bone

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6
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

The fibrous connective tissue membrane that protects the diaphysis

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7
Q

What are the connective tissue fibers securing the periosteum?

A

Perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers

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8
Q

What are the epiphyses?

A

The ends of the long bones, has a thin layer of compact bone with spongy bone

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9
Q

What protects the epiphyses?

A

Articular cartilage, provides smooth surface to decreases friction

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10
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

Only in adult bones, remnant of epiphyseal plate

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11
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Hyaline cartilage, present in growing bones, allows lengthwise growth

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12
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

The cavity of the shaft in infants, contains red marrow

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13
Q

At what age does the red marrow get gradually replaced by yellow marrow?

A

Ages 6-7

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14
Q

What are bone markings?

A

Reveals where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and where the nerves and blood vessels pass

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15
Q

What are the two types of bone markings?

A

Projections/processes and depressions/cavity

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16
Q

What are processes?

A

Growths of the bone surface, all terms starting with T

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17
Q

What are depressions?

A

Indents in the bone, all terms starting with F (except facet)

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18
Q

What is the basic unit of the bone?

A

Osteocyte

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19
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

In the lacuna, tiny cavities containing bone matrix

20
Q

What is the lamellae?

A

The arrangement of lacunae in concentric circles

21
Q

What is the central/Haversian canal?

A

Carries nerves and blood vessels to all areas of the bone

22
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Haversian system, consists of the central canal and matrix rings, structural unit of compact bone

23
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tiny canals that radiates from the central canal to all lacuna

24
Q

What is the function of the canaliculi?

A

Connects all bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services

25
Q

What are perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals)?

A

Communication pathway from outside the bone to inside

26
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone-building cells

27
Q

What is the skeleton primarily made of in embryos?

A

Hyaline cartilage

28
Q

What do bones use as structural basis?

A

Cartilage

29
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Bone-eaters

30
Q

What is the first step of ossification?

A

Hyaline cartilage is surrounded by bone matrix

31
Q

What is the second step of ossification?

A

The enclosed hyaline cartilage is slowly replaced by bone, and center is digested

32
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Bone grows in diameter (widens)

33
Q

What hormones control bone growth?

A

Growth hormones, sex hormones during puberty

34
Q

Why are bones remodeled?

A

Response to calcium ion level in blood and the pull of gravity and muscles

35
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Essential for bones to retain normal size and strength

36
Q

How does calcium ion level affect bones?

A

When calcium levels in blood are too low, osteoclasts break down matrix to release calcium, when calcium is too high, osteoblasts deposit calcium into bone

37
Q

What hormone signals the release of calciums?

A

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

38
Q

How does muscle stress and gravity affect bones?

A

Bones need to be stronger in these areas so so osteoblasts lay down new matrix

39
Q

What are rickets?

A

Bones fail to calcify thus the weight-bearing leg bones become bowed, caused by calcium deficiency

40
Q

What are fractures?

A

Bones breaking

41
Q

What are the types of fractures?

A

Closed(simple) does not penetrate skin and Open(compound) penetrates skin

42
Q

What is a reduction?

A

Treatment for fractures

43
Q

What is a closed reduction?

A

Bone ends are positioned into original position by doctor

44
Q

What is an open reduction?

A

Surgery is preformed, use of pins and wired

45
Q

What is the minimum healing time for a fracture?

A

6 to 8 weeks

AnaPhy (7 decks)

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