Bone tumors & cysts Flashcards
Are most primary bone tumors benign or malignant
Benign
How are most benign tumors diagnosed
Xray
What characteristics will be seen on an xray with a malignant bone tumor
poorly defined borders
cortical destruction
moth-eaten
Extend into soft tissue
Speculated periostea reaction
What characteristics will a benign tumor have on an xray
Well defined borders
Sclerotic border
No cortical destruction
No soft tissue extension
What are examples of PRIMARY bone cancers
Multiple myeloma
osteosarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
What is the most common cause of bone tumors in adults
Metastatic cancer via hematogenous spread
What are common primary sources for bone tumors
Lungs
Breast
Prostate
Kidney
Thyroid
What is the most common complaint of a bone tumor
Pain that develops over weeks
What diagnostic studies can be done for bone tumors
Xray
Bone scan
PET scan
MRI
CT
What is a lytic lesion
Lesions that destroy bone material
What is a blastic lesion
Fills the bone with extra cells
What will a lytic lesion look like on an Xray
Black hole in the bone
What will a blastic lesion look like on an xray
Abnormal white area
What type of imaging is useful for staging with bone tumors
Bone scan
When is a CT scan used for bone tumors
Guide for biopsies
What is the most primary malignant tumor in pediatrics
Osteosarcoma
When are osteosarcomas generally seen in children
During an adolescent growth spurt
What are some risk factors associated with osteosarcoma’s
Pagets disease (in older adults)
Previous radiation / chemotherapy
Inherited condition
*most have no risk factors
Where are osteosarcomas found in the body
Metaphysis of long bones
-distal femur
-proximal tibia
-proximal humerus
How will osteosarcomas present in kids
Pain developing over several months
large / tender soft tissue mass
How will an osteosarcoma look on an xray
moth eaten
sunburst appearance / hair on end
cuff of new bone formation at edge of soft tissue
What is Codman’s triangle
Cuff of new bone formation at the edge of the soft tissue mass
What will alkaline phosphate look like in a positive osteosarcoma workup
Increase in advanced disease
What will happen with LDH in a positive osteosarcoma workup
Increase with advanced disease
How is an official osteosarcoma diagnosis made
Biopsy
How are osteosarcomas treated
Surgery and chemo
What are osteoid forming tumors
Osteoid osteoma
osteoblastoma
What are cartilage forming bone tumors
Osteochondroma
Enchondroma
What are bone cysts
Simple (unicameral)
Aneurysmal
What are fibrous bone lesions
Fibrous dysplasia
What is the most common benign bone tumor
Osteochondroma
What age range are osteochondromas seen in most often
10-20y/o
Where are osteochondromas usually seen
Around the knee and proximal humerus
What is a tell-tale sign of an osteochondroma
Bone spur near the growth plate but growing away from it
What presentation will you see with an osteochondroma
Painless mass
pain from compression of nearby structures
decreased ROM
fractures
How do you usually treat osteochondromas
observation
What is a noncancerous bone tumor that begins in the cartilage
Endochondroma
What is the most common type of hand tumor
endochondroma
What condition is described as normal bone marrow being replaced with fibrous tissue
Fibrous dysplasia of bone
What is the effect fibrous dysplasia has on the bone
The bone formation becomes weak and prone to expansion
What gene is fibrous bone dysplasia related to
GNAS1 gene mutation
What is a bone cyst
fluid filled cavity in the bone
Which type of bone are usually effected by bone cysts
Long bones
-humerus
-femur
10% of patients with a unicameral bone cyst have what sign on xray
fallen fragment
