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Systems Pathology Exam One > Bone Tumors > Flashcards

Bone Tumors Flashcards

0
Q

In regards to bone tumors, are benign or malignant tumors more common?

A

Benign

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1
Q

What type of bone tumors are the most common?

A

Matrix and fibrous producing tumors

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2
Q

What are the two most common benign bone tumors?

A

Osteochondroma, fibrous cortical defects

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3
Q

What are the most common primary bone cancers?

A

Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma

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4
Q

What population has an increased risk of bone cancer?

A

Elderly

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5
Q

What are some additional risks for bone tumors?

A

RB or TP53 mutations, AVN, chronic osteomyelitis, Paget disease, irradiation, orthopedic hardware

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6
Q

What bones are usually affected by bone tumors?

A

Long bones of extremities

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7
Q

How are bone tumors diagnosed?

A

Incidental or pathological fracture

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8
Q

What is usually the age range for osteosarcomas?

A

10-20

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9
Q

What is the usual location of osteosarcomas?

A

Knee

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10
Q

What is the usual age range for osteomalacia (benign)?

A

40-50

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11
Q

What is the usual location of osteomas?

A

Facial bones, skull (frontal bone)

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12
Q

How are bone forming tumors usually diagnosed?

A

Biopsy

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13
Q

What are the main types of bone forming tumors?

A

Osteoma, osteoid osteoma & osteoblastoma, osteosarcoma

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14
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor is now said to be a developmental anomaly or reactive growth following trauma?

A

Osteoma

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15
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor creates matter very similar to normal bone?

A

Osteoma

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16
Q

What does exophytic mean?

A

Growing out, not growing in

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17
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor is completely non-invasive and benign?

A

Osteoma

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18
Q

Who is at a greater risk for osteoid osteomas/osteoblastomas?

A

Males (2X)

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19
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor is smaller and found in the extremities?

A

Osteoid osteoma

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20
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor is large and found in the spine?

A

Osteoblastoma

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21
Q

What age range is usually affected by osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas?

A

10-20

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22
Q

What is the middle part of the oval lesion with an osteoid osteoma or osteoblastoma?

A

Central “nidus” which is radiolucent

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23
Q

What surrounds the central nidus in the lesions involved with osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas?

A

Rim of sclerosis

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24
Q

What is a common complaint and feature of osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas?

A

Localized nocturnal pain

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25
Q

What is the usual specific location of osteoid osteomas?

A

Near cortex of long bones like the femur and tibia

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26
Q

What is the unique method of relief for osteoid osteomas?

A

Aspirin

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27
Q

What is the size of osteoid osteomas?

A

<2cm

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28
Q

What is the size of osteoblastomas?

A

2-6 cm

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29
Q

What is the specific location of osteoblastomas?

A

Spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae

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30
Q

What is the treatment for osteoblastomas?

A

Excision, possible irradiation

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31
Q

Which is associated with mild pain that is unrelieved by aspirin: osteoid osteoma or osteoblastoma?

A

Osteoblastoma

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32
Q

Which type of bone forming tumor is aggressively malignant?

A

Osteosarcoma

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33
Q

What is the most common primary bone cancer?

A

Osteosarcoma

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34
Q

How do osteosarcomas usually metastasize?

A

Hematogenously

35
Q

Osteosarcomas make up what percent of primary bone cancer diagnoses?

36
Q

Who is at a larger risk for osteosarcomas?

A

Adolescent males (1.5X)

37
Q

What age range makes up 75% of osteosarcoma cases?

38
Q

What is usually the cause of osteosarcomas among those over the age of forty?

A

Co-morbid bone pathology like Paget disease, AVN, or irradiation

39
Q

What X-ray feature is a red flag for osteosarcomas?

A

Codman triangle

40
Q

What is the usual location of an osteosarcoma among adults over 40?

A

Femur, humerus, and pelvis

41
Q

What is the usual location of an osteosarcoma among adolescents?

A

Knee area: metaphysis of distal femur, proximal tibia, and humerus too

42
Q

What is the end result of the Codman triangle as seen with osteosarcomas?

A

Periosteal cortex destroyed resulting in “starburst” appearance on X-ray

43
Q

What is a big risk with osteosarcomas?

A

Pathological fractures

44
Q

What is the most common location of metastasis of an osteosarcoma?

A

Lungs (10-20%)

45
Q

What genetic issue leads to a 1000 times increased risk of developing an osteosarcoma?

A

Retinoblastoma syndrome

46
Q

Are cartilage forming tumors most commonly benign or malignant?

47
Q

What types of cartilage are formed in cartilage forming tumors?

A

Hyaline and myxoid

48
Q

What are the three main types of cartilage forming tumors?

A

Osteochondroma, chondroma, chondrosarcoma

49
Q

What is another name for osteochondroma?

50
Q

What type of cartilage forms with an osteochondroma?

51
Q

Which gender is at a greater risk for an osteochondroma?

A

Males (3X)

52
Q

What is the age range for osteochondromas?

A

10-30 years

53
Q

What is the most common way osteochondromas are developed?

A

Solitary or isolated incidents

54
Q

What is the genetic factor of osteochondromas?

A

Multiple hereditary osteochondromas which involve mutated TSGs

55
Q

With the genetic cause of osteochondromas, what is the age range of usual development?

A

Childhood onset

56
Q

Where do osteochondromas usually originate?

A

Near the growth plates on the metaphysis of long bones

57
Q

What is the most common location of osteochondromas?

58
Q

What is the usual size of osteochondromas?

59
Q

Osteochondromas rarely occur after what time period?

A

Skeletal maturity

60
Q

What is another term commonly used for chondroma?

A

Enchondroma

61
Q

What is the most common location of chondroma development?

A

Medullary cavity

62
Q

What cartilage type forms with a chondroma?

A

Hyaline cartilage

63
Q

What is the typical age range for a chondroma?

A

20-50 years

64
Q

Where does the cartilage with chondromas develop specifically on the skeleton?

A

Metaphysis of small tubular bones of the hands and feet

65
Q

What is the name of the condition where multiple lesions of chondromas occur?

A

Ollier disease (enchondromatosis or multiple enchondromas)

66
Q

Are chondromas more commonly unilateral or bilateral?

A

Unilateral

67
Q

The “o-ring” sign of sclerosis is associated with which type of cartilage forming tumor?

A

Chondromas

68
Q

Are chondromas typically asymptomatic or symptomatic?

A

Asymptomatic

69
Q

What is the way chondromas are diagnosed?

A

Usually incidental

70
Q

Chondromas make up what percentage of all benign bone tumors?

71
Q

Chondromas are seen in what percentage of knee MRIs?

72
Q

Solitary chondromas of the hands are usually seen where?

A

Proximal phalanges

73
Q

Which is more common: chondrosarcoma or osteosarcoma?

A

Osteosarcoma

74
Q

What is the usual age range of chondrosarcomas?

75
Q

What gender is more commonly affected by chondrosarcomas?

A

Males (2X)

76
Q

What is the common location of chondrosarcomas?

A

Intramedullary

77
Q

What are the usual osseous locations of chondrosarcomas?

A

Large joints like the pelvis, shoulder, ribs, and proximal femur

78
Q

Which type of cartilage forming tumor creates an expansile glistening mass?

A

Chondrosarcoma

79
Q

What effect can chondrosarcomas have on the cortex?

A

May thicken or erode it

80
Q

Which type of chondrosarcoma is more common?

81
Q

Where do high grade chondrosarcomas tend to metastasize the most?

82
Q

What is the survival rate of a high grade chondrosarcoma?

83
Q

What percentage of high grade chondrosarcomas metastasize?

84
Q

At what size is an chondrosarcoma indicative of a poor prognosis and being extremely fatal?

85
Q

What is the treatment for chondrosarcomas?

A

Wide excision and chemotherapy

Systems Pathology Exam One (7 decks)

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