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A&P I - Test 3 > Bone shapes > Flashcards

Bone shapes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the Zone of Calcified Cartilage?

A
  • consists of dead cells located in a calcified matrix
  • This calcified matrix is destroyed by osteoclasts and is then invaded by osteoblasts and capillaries from the diaphysis.
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2
Q

What are the parts of a long bone?

A

The Diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, articular cartilage, compact bone, spongy bone, endosteum, medullary cavity, and yellow and red bone marrow

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the zone of hypertrophic cartilage?

A
  • Extremely large chondrocytes that are arranged in columns.
  • The growth of these cells also leads to an increase in the length of the bone.
  • Osteoblasts begin laying down bone salts causing the chondrocytes to die.
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4
Q

The appendicular skeleton consits of which bones?

A

includes the limbs of the upper and lower extremities,
and the bones that attach those limbs to
the trunk (pectoral and pelvic girdles)

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5
Q

What are the components of an osteon?

A

Osteocytes, concentric lamella, and central canals

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6
Q

The medial malleolus of the tibia articulates with the?

A

talus

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7
Q

What are the microscopic parts of bone?

A

Spongy bone, compact bone, osteon, osteocyte, canaliculi, central canal, perforating canal, lacuna, lamella, trabeculae, sharpy’s fibers, periosteum

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8
Q

What are the origins of endochondral ossification

and intramembranous ossification?

A

Endochondral ossification: Fromed from a hyaline cartilage model

Intramembranous ossification: Fromed within a fibrous connective tissue membrane

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the proliferating cartilage?

A
  • Chondrocytes divide (mitosis) increasing the number of cells
  • As the number of cells increase, the plate becomes thicker.
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10
Q

The metatarsals consists of how many bones?

A

5

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11
Q

How does parathyroid horomone increase the blood calcium concentration?

A
  1. Stimulates osteoclast activity.
  2. Stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb Ca++
  3. Stimulates intestinal mucosa to reabsorb Ca++.
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12
Q

What are Osteoclasts?

A

Bone cells that secrete lysosomal enzymes that digest inorganic bone matrix.

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13
Q

Where do each of the two ossification centers for endochondral ossification take place?

A

Primary ossification center: The diaphysis.

Secondary Ossification centers: The epiphyses.

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14
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone found and why is it released?

A

Found: The parathyroid

Released: In response to decreased blood calcium concentrations.

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15
Q

Where is calcitonin found and why is it released?

A

Found: Thyroid gland

Released: in response to increased blood calcium concentrations

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16
Q

The medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the?

A

Medial and lateral condyles of the tibia

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17
Q

What are Perforating canals?

A

They are canals that connect adjacent central canals

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18
Q

What are the 4 zones of the epiphyseal plate?

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferating cartilage
  3. Zone of Hypertrophic cartilage
  4. Zone of calcified cartilage
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19
Q

How many tarsal bones are in the foot?

A

7

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20
Q

How many bones are in the carpals?

A

8

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21
Q

What happens during each of the two ossification centers for endochondral ossification?

A

Primary ossification center:

  • Bone replaces hyaline cartilage

Secondary ossification center:

  • Eventually bone replaces hyaline cartilage.
22
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Vascular membrane that lines the inside of bones

23
Q

The Medial end of the clavicle articulates with the?

A

manubrium of the sternum

24
Q

The Head of the humerus articulates with the?

A

glenoid cavity of the scapula

25
Q

What is the location, function, and composition of articular cartilage?

A

Location: Covers the outside of the epiphysis Function: Serves as shock absorbers Composition: Hyaline cartilage

26
Q

What is the location, function, and composition of the periosteum?

A

Location: Fibrous outer covering of the diaphysis Function: site of attachment for tendons and ligaments Composition: Richly supplied with blood, lymph vessels, and nerves

27
Q

How does calcitonin decrease the blood calcium concentration?

A
  1. Inhibits osteoclast activity.
  2. Stimulates kidney tubules to secrete Ca++
  3. Stimulates intestinal mucosa to secrete Ca++.
28
Q

What is the location, function, and composition of the epiphysis?

A

Location: Enlarged end regions Function: Site of articulation with other bones Composition: Compose predominantly of spongy bone

29
Q

What are the characteristics flat bones and give an example

A

Characteristics: Thin, flat, curved bones Example: Skull bones, ribs, scapula

30
Q

What are Canaliculi?

A

They are are connecting canals that connect the lacunae of the osteocytes

31
Q

The trochlea of the humerus articulates with the

A

trochlear notch of the ulna

32
Q

What are the characteristics long bones and give an example

A

Characteristics: Contain a thin central region and two enlarged ends Example: Femur, Humorous, tibia

33
Q

What are the three regoins for the vertebrae and how many vertebrae are in each?

A

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5)

34
Q

The lateral malleolus of the fibula articulates with the?

A

talus

35
Q

How many ribs are there in the human body?

A

24

36
Q

What is the location, function, and composition of the diaphysis?

A

Location: thin central region of bone Function: contains the medullary cavity which is filled with yellow and red bone marrow Composition: composed primarily of compact bone

37
Q

The metacarpals consists of how many bones?

A

5

38
Q

What factors affect the rate of bone growth?

A
  • Human Growth Hormone (HGH) produced by the pituitary gland.
  • Sex hormones produced from the gonads.
39
Q

What are the characteristics sesamoid bones and give an example

A

Characteristics: located within connective tissue Example: Patella, hyoid bone

40
Q

How many phalanges are in the fingers?

A

14

41
Q

What are the characteristics short bones and give an example

A

Characteristics: They are cube shaped bones Example: Carpals, Tarsals

42
Q

What is trabeculae and what is found here?

A

They are the bone fragements within spongy bone and they contain red bone marrow

43
Q

The Head of the femur articulates with the?

A

Acetabulum of the coxa

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the Zone of Resting Cartilage?

A
  • Small, scattered chondrocytes
  • Anchor plate of epiphysis
45
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Layers of extracellular matrix concentrically clustered around a central canal

46
Q

What is the location, function, and composition of the epiphyseal line?

A

Location: Between diaphysis and epiphysis Function: Growth plate Composition: Calcified cartilage

47
Q

What are the characteristics irregular bones and give an example

A

No true structural characteristics Example: auditory ossicles, vertebrae

48
Q

The axial skeleton consists of which bones?

A

It includes bones of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column and thoracic cage.

49
Q

How many cranium bones and facial bones are there?

A

Cranial bones: 8

Facial bones: 14

50
Q

What is the primary inorganic substance in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

51
Q

What are the two hormones involved with calcium homeostasis?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Calcitonin
52
Q

What are lamella?

A

Lamella are concentric layers around the central canal

A&P I - Test 3 (3 decks)

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