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IMSK Exam 3 > Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Pathology > Flashcards

Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Unmineralized organic portion of bone

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2
Q

What is osteoid comprised of?

A

Type I collagen

GAGs

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3
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

Inorganic minerals of bone

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4
Q

What makes up hydroxyapatite?

A

Calcium

Phosphorus

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5
Q

What does the RANKL pathway promote?

A

Osteoclast bone resorption

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6
Q

What is the RANKL pathway?

A

RANK ligand osteoblasts binds to the RANK receptor on osteoclasts to activate them by releasing NF-k(kappa)B

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7
Q

Where are osteoclasts typically found?

A

Cowships lacunae

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8
Q

What does the Wnt pathway promote?

A

Osteoblasts bone formation

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9
Q

What is osteoprotegrin?

A

Blocks the RANK ligand to decrease bone resorption

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10
Q

What occurs in the Wnt pathway?

A

WNT proteins are produced by osteoprogenitor cells, WNT binds to LR5 and LR6 on osteoblasts to release beta-catenin activating OPG and inhibiting the RANKL pathway

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11
Q

What is produced by osteocytes to inhibit the WNT pathway?

A

Sclerostin

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12
Q

What is a dysostosis?

A

Bone abnormality in a localized place

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13
Q

What is a dysplasia?

A

Bone abnormality affecting the entire skeleton

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14
Q

What are common dysostosis?

A

Aplasia
Supernumerary digit
Syndactyly/craniosynosteosis

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15
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Complete absence of bone or digit

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16
Q

What is Syndactyly/craniosynosteosis?

A

Abnormal fusion of bones

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17
Q

What is a common dysplasia?

A

Abnormal growth

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18
Q

What is an important structural protein in bone?

A

Collagen type I

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19
Q

What is an important enzyme in bone?

A

Carbonic anhydrase 2

20
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Genetic deficiencies in synthesis of collagen type I

21
Q

What is the most common inherited disorder of CT?

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

22
Q

Clinical presentation of osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Too little bone
Blue sclera
Hearing loss
Small misshapen blue-yellow teeth (decrease dentin)

23
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

Marble bone disease; bones are brittle and break easily

24
Q

What causes osteopetrosis?

A

Impaired function of osteoclasts due to defect in carbonic anhydrase 2 (pH too high)

25
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Bone mass 1-2.5 standard deviations from peak bone mass

26
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Bone mass greater that 2.5 standard deviations from peak bone mass

27
Q

What histologically unique about osteopenia/osteoporosis?

A

The bone is histologically normal it is just decreased in quantity

28
Q

What characterizes Paget disease?

A

Increased but structurally weak bone due to Cancellous bone becoming dense bone; typically polyostotic

29
Q

What are the three stages of Paget disease?

A

Osteolytic
Mixed osteoclastic-osteoblastic
Osteosclerotic (burnout/quiescent)

30
Q

What is the difference between rickets and osteomalacia?

A

Rickets: childhood disorder
Osteomalacia: adult disorder

31
Q

What causes rickets/osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D deficiency or abnormal metabolism

32
Q

What occurs in rickets?

A

Deposition of bone in growth plates is affected

33
Q

What causes osteomalacia?

A

Undermineralized bone formation during remodeling

34
Q

What hormone is elevated in hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid hormone

35
Q

What does increased PTH do?

A

Increases the activity of osteoclasts

36
Q

What are the clinical effects of hyperthyroidism?

A

Osteoporosis

Brown tumors

37
Q

What causes brown tumors?

A

Bone loss -> Microfractures -> hemorrhage -> macrophages

Hemosiderin in bones

38
Q

What is the general rule for bone tumors relating to age?

A

Bone tumors are more common in younger individuals but are mostly benign
If an older individual has a bone tumor it is more likely to be malignant

39
Q

What is the most common primary malignant bone tumor?

A

Osteosarcoma

40
Q

What is indicative of an aggressive tumor in X-rays?

A

Codman triangle

41
Q

What is the appearance of Ewing Sarcoma when stained with H and E?

A

Nests of densely packed small round cells called Homer-Wright rosettes

42
Q

What is Ewing Sarcoma?

A

Primitive malignant primary bone tumor typically found on diaphysis of long bones and flat bones of the pelvis

43
Q

What is a synarthroses?

A

Solid joint immovable lacking space or synovial fluid

44
Q

Why is osteoarthritis a misnomer?

A

There is no inflammation that takes place in it

45
Q

What is eburnation?

A

“Polishing” of the bone head in a joint due to loss of cartilage

IMSK Exam 3 (16 decks)

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