Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS3 BAMS Diseases of Human Systems > Bone diseases > Flashcards

Bone diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Arthritis

A

inflammation of joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

arthrosis

A

non-inflammatory joint disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

arthralgia

A

joint pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

rheymatism and rheumatic are

A

not of medical use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bone

A

mineralised connectice tissue

3-6 month cycle

  • load bearing
  • dynamic - always forming and resorbing
  • self repairing and able to adapt to environment

calcium, phophate and vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 key components of bone

A

calcium

phosphate

vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bone turnover cycle

A

3-6 month cycle

osteoclasts - resorb

osteoblasts - lay matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

bone stores what

A

calcium

  • exchangeable Ca from bone to ECF
  • Ca absorbed from gut into ECF
  • Ca lost through gut and urine

Ca level in blood needs maintained at a very precise level – nerve and muscle function

  • Bone and ECF work together to maintain and the PTH promote the correct location of Ca
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

exchangeable Ca

A

bone ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ca absorbed

A

from diet (gut) into ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ca lost through

A

urine (via gut)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ca level in blood

A

needs maintained at a very precise level - needed for nerve and muscle function

bone and ECF work together to maintain and the PTH promotes the correct location of Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

parathyroid hormone role

A

maintains serum calcium levels - raised if Ca level falls

  • Increases calcium release from BONE
  • Reduces RENAL calcium excretion

located in thyroid gland in neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

deficiecy of PTH

so

low serum calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

2 types

  • Primary
    • Gland dysfunction – tumour
    • High serum calcium RESULTS
      • Inapp activation osteoclast
  • Secondary
    • low serum calcium CAUSES

Both result in increased bone reabsorption

Radiolucencies & reabsorption – areas or loss cortical surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vitamin D action

A

it is needed in its biologically active form (kidneys) to absorb Ca

17
Q

vitamin D level problems when (3)

A
  • Low Sunlight Exposure
    • Housebound
    • Dark Skinned in Northern country – skin absorbs less vit D – often combined with cultural traditions of high clothing coverage
  • Poor GI Absorption
    • Poor nutrition
    • Small intestinal disease - malabsorption
  • Drug interactions
    • Some antiepileptic drugs
      • Carbamazepine, Phenytoin

Often a combination of factors

18
Q

osteomalacia

A

poorly mineralised osteoid matrix - normal amounts of osteoid but not mineralised

  • poorly mineralised cartilage plate growth
19
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of mineral and matrix - correct formation but wrong amount

  • so reduced bone mass
20
Q

osteomalacia during bone formation called

A

RICKETS

related to calcium deficiency

21
Q

osteomalacia after bone formation

A

called osteomalacia

related to calcium deficiency

22
Q

osteomalacia

occurs

A

during bone formation - rickets

after bone formation completed

related to calcium deficiency

serum calcium preserved at expense of bone

23
Q

osteomalacia investigations (2 main)

A
  • Bone Effects
    • Bones bend under pressure
      • ‘bow legs’
      • Vertebral compression in adults
        • Bones ‘ache’ to touch – pain in nerves of lower limb
  • Hypocalcaemia effects
    • Muscle weakness
    • Trousseau & Chvostek signs positive
      • Carpal muscle spasm
      • Facial twitching from VII tapping
24
Q

bone effects of osteomalacia

A

Bones bend under pressure

  • ‘bow legs’
  • Vertebral compression in adults
    • Bones ‘ache’ to touch – pain in nerves of lower limb
25
Q

hypocalcaemia effects of osteomalacia

A

Muscle weakness

Trousseau & Chvostek signs positive

  • Carpal muscle spasm
  • Facial twitching from VII tapping
26
Q

appaerance of rickets

A

osteomalacia before bone formation complete

weak and soft bones, stunted growth, and, in severe cases, skeletal deformities.

‘bow legs’

rare now

27
Q

3 management techniques of osteomalacia

A
  • Correct the cause
    • Malnutrition
      • Control GI disease
  • Sunlight exposure
    • 30 mins x 5 weekly
  • Dietary Vitamin D
28
Q

osteoporosis is

A
  • A REDUCED QUANTITY of normally mineralized Bone

An age related change - Inevitable

  • Usually, many trabeculae and mineralised*
  • Reduced total quantity of correctly mineralised with age
29
Q

6 risk factors for osteoporosis

A
  • AGE
  • Female sex
  • Endocrine
    • Oestrogen & testosterone deficiency
    • Cushings syndrome – inc corticosteroid levels?
  • Genetic
    • Family history
    • Race – caucasian & asian women
    • Early menopause
  • Patient factors
    • Inactivity
    • Smoking
    • Excess alcohol use
    • Poor dietary calcium
  • Medical Drugs use
    • steroids
    • antiepileptics
30
Q

age and osteoporosis

A
  • Peak Bone Mass is at age 24-35 years

Osteoporosis is found in:

  • 15% women aged 50
  • 30% women aged 70
  • 40% women aged 80

increases with age

women have a lower peak bone mass

31
Q

gender and osteoporosis

A
  • Males have higher Peak Bone Mass
  • Oestrogen withdrawal increases bone mass loss rate in women – in menopause
    • Men have similar rate of decline but absolute peak bone mass is higher so takes longer to reach critical level
32
Q

2 main effects of osteoporosis

A

Increased bone fracture risk

  • Long bones – femur
  • Wrists – weaker and more prone to fractire
  • Vertebrae
    • Height loss
    • Kyphosis (bending forward of spine) & Scoliosis (shifting of lateral position of vertebrae?)
    • Nerve root compression leading to back pain

Lifetime risk of hip fracture >50yrs of age

  • 17.5% women
  • 6% men
  • After osteoporosis related hip fracture
    • 20% increase in 5yr mortality
      • Maximal in initial 6 months
  • 40% unable to walk unaided
  • 60% unable to live independently
33
Q

2 main ways of osteoporosis prevention

A
  1. Build maximal Peak Bone Mass
  • Exercise
  • High dietary calcium intake
    • Higher initial point means longer to reach clinical risk level
  1. Reduce rate of Bone Mass loss
  • Continue exercise and calcium intake
  • Reduce hormone related effects
    • Oestrogen Hormone replacement therapy
    • MOST effective if early menopause
  • Reduce drug related effects
  • Consider ‘Osteoporosis Prevention’ drugs
    • BISPHOSPHONATES – indicated by strong family history
34
Q

how to build maximal peak bone mass

so preventing osteoporosis

A
  • Exercise
  • High dietary calcium intake

Higher initial point means longer to reach clinical risk level

35
Q

how to reduce rate of bone mass loss

so preventing osteoporosis

A
  • Continue exercise and calcium intake
  • Reduce hormone related effects
    • Oestrogen Hormone replacement therapy
    • MOST effective if early menopause
  • Reduce drug related effects
  • Consider ‘Osteoporosis Prevention’ drugs
    • BISPHOSPHONATES – indicated by strong family history
36
Q

Hormone replacement therapy

  • oestrogen only
A
  • Reduces osteoporosis risk
  • Increases breast cancer risk
  • Increase endometrial cancer risk
    • Patients who have NOT had a hysterectory
      • Combine with a progestogen to reduce risk
  • May reduce ovarian cancer risk
  • Increases DVT risk

Benefit lost after HRT stops!

  • 5yrs post treatment BMD ‘normal’
37
Q

biphosphonates

A

reduce osteoclasts action (poison and reduce numbers) so less bone removed means less bone mass lost

Non-Nitrogenous

  • Etidronate (1)
  • Clodronate (10)
  • Tildronate (10)

Nitrogenous

  • Pamidronate (100)
  • Neridronate (100)
  • Olpadronate (500)
  • Alendronate (500)
  • Ibandronate (1000)
  • Risedronate (2000)
  • Zoledronate (10000
38
Q

biphophonates effectiveness

A

Alendronate or Risedronate in an osteoporosis risk population

  • Reduce vertebral fracture risk by 50%
  • Reduce other fractures by 30-50%
  • benefit lost if drug discontinued
  • Can be combined with HRT

extraction of teeth complication

  • Benefits and risks in SDCEP

BDS3 BAMS Diseases of Human Systems (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions