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SKIN/MS FINAL > BONE DEVELOPMENT ACH > Flashcards

BONE DEVELOPMENT ACH Flashcards

1
Q

when is the critical period for the development of skeleton, muscles and limbs

A

week 4

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2
Q

when does neural tube begin to close

A

week 4

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3
Q

where are somitomeres derived from

A

paraxial mesoderm

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4
Q

what induces formation of the somitomeres

A

neural tube

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5
Q

how does somitomere development progress and what regulates it

A

rostal to caudal

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6
Q

what do somitomeres become when they are compacted and bound by epithelium

A

somites

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7
Q

how many pairs of somites

A

42-44

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8
Q

pairs 1-7 of somites

A

do not compact

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9
Q

what do the 1-7 somites contribute to

A

head and neck structures

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10
Q

what do mesodermal cells from somites give rise to

A

dermomyotome

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11
Q

what does dermomyotome give rise to

A

dermatomes

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12
Q

dermatomes

A

skin, dermis, subcutaneous tissue

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13
Q

myotomes

A

skeletal muscle of trunk and limbs

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14
Q

sclerotome

A

bone

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15
Q

what makes up mesenchyme

A

multipotent cells

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16
Q

where is mesenchyme derived from

A

mesoderm or neural crest

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17
Q

notochord leads to..

A

neural plate and neural tube development

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18
Q

neural tube develops to..

A

somites

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19
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts

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20
Q

where does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

flat skull bones

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21
Q

endochondral ossification

A

mesenchymal cells are transformed into chondroblasts that lay down hyaline cartilage

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22
Q

what causes primary ossification centers to form?

A

periosteal capillaries bring in osteogenic cells into the diaphysis

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23
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

lay down minearlized matrix that replaces cartilage

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24
Q

what continues to lay down cartilage until we’re about 20

A

growth (epiphyseal) plate

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25
Q

which direction do growth plates grow

A

diaphysis toward epiphysis

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26
Q

where do secondary ossification centers form?

A

ephiphyses (ends)

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27
Q

when do most secondary ossification centers form?

A

postnatally

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28
Q

abnormality of conversion of cartilage into bone. Most common form of dwarfism.

A

achondroplasia

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29
Q

what bones does achondroplasia affect?

A

long bones

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30
Q

enlargement of head, hands, and feet due to excess growth hormone secreted by pituitary after closure of epihyseal plates

A

acromegaly

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31
Q

excess growth hormone before growth plates close (during childhood)

A

gigantism

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32
Q

autosomal dominant disorder due to mutation in gene for fibrillin that affects connective tissue - results in long thin limbs

A

marfan syndrome

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33
Q

extreme bone fragility, spontaneous fracture may even occur in utero, defect in type I collagen gene

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

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34
Q

hip joint gets flattened due to misgrowing of cartilage in the hip - head of femur can slip out

A

congenital hip dysplasia/dislocation

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35
Q

mesenchyme between hyaline cartilage models is replaced by fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage

A

fibrocartilaginous joints

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36
Q

where are fibrocartilaginous joints

A

sutures in the skull

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37
Q

where chondroblasts condense around ends of bones and across space to form articular surfaces and joint capsules

A

synovial joints

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38
Q

what can cartilage between epiphyses remodel into?

A

menisci

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39
Q

where does myotome originate from?

A

paraxial mesoderm

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40
Q

what do myoblasts give rise to

A

myotubes

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41
Q

what do myotubes develop

A

myofilaments

42
Q

what do the myofilaments do for skeletal muscle

A

give skeletal muscle fibers their striation

43
Q

what cells reside in the muscle and can make new myocytes in response to exercise

A

satellite cells

44
Q

where does smooth muscle of the gut, respiratory and mesenteries originate from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm of lateral plate

45
Q

what gives rise to smooth muscle in the walls of the vascular system of the head, limbs and body wall

A

somatic mesoderm

46
Q

what gives rise to myoepithelial cells of the mammary and sweat glands and smooth muscle of the iris

A

ectoderm

47
Q

where does cardiac muscle originate from

A

splanchnic mesoderm

48
Q

T/F. cardiac myblasts fuse.

A

False. They develop into individual cells.

49
Q

type of ossification that forms the vertebral column

A

endochondral

50
Q

what do sclerotomes split into?

A

dense-caudal

51
Q

what separates the two parts

A

intersclerotomic (von Ebner’s) fissure

52
Q

what is resegmentation

A

caudal part of one segment fuses with the rostral part of segment below so each vertebra is intersegmental

53
Q

what fuse to form the spinous processes

A

sclerotome forms vertebral arch. left and right arches fuse

54
Q

what is nucleus pulposis derived from/

A

notochord

55
Q

what is annulus fibrosis derived from

A

sclerotome

56
Q

where do arteries exit

A

loose cephalic (at the level of the body)

57
Q

where do spinal nerves exit

A

at the level of the disc

58
Q

condition that results from failure of the neural tube to close

A

spina bifida

59
Q

least severe form of spina bifida. often marked by tuft of hair but no obvious symptoms.

A

spina bifida occulta

60
Q

spina bifida form in which meninges protrudes through defect in spinal cord or skull

A

meningocele

61
Q

spina bifida form in which meninges and spinal cord protrude through the defect

A

meningomyelocele

62
Q

form of occult spinal dysraphia in which neural ectoderm fails to completely separate from the surface ectoderm. spinal cord may be tethered.

A

Congenital dermal sinus

63
Q

caused by failure of ossification center on one side of vertebral body.

A

congenital scoliosis

64
Q

shortened neck due to non-segmentation of cervical vertebrae. limited movement of neck and low hairline.

A

congenital brevicollis (Klipper-Feil sequence)

65
Q

concave chest caused by issues with sternal bars fusing and forming cartilage models of manubrium, sternum, and xiphoid

A

pectus excavatum

66
Q

chest pushes outward

A

pectus carinatum

67
Q

what do ribs develop from

A

costal processes of thoracic vertebrae

68
Q

what forms from rib development?

A

costovertebral synovial joints

69
Q

rib that can compress neurovascular structures supplying upper limb.

A

cervical rib C7 - occurs in thoracic outlet syndrome

70
Q

what do myotomes divide into?

A

epimere and hypomere

71
Q

what do myoblasts in the epimere form?

A

deep back muscles (erector spinae)

72
Q

what innervates epimere muscles

A

dorsal primary rami

73
Q

what do myoblasts in the hypomere form

A

intercostal muscles

74
Q

what supplies the hypomere muscles

A

ventral primary rami

75
Q

underdevelopment or absense of pectoralis muscles, usually unilateral

A

poland syndrome

76
Q

poor development of abdominal muscle wall causing skin to wrinkle, often accompanied by urinary tract abnormalities, delays in sitting and walking

A

prune belly syndrome

77
Q

spasm or shortening of one side of sternocleidomastoid muscle so head is twisted to one side

A

congenital torticollis

78
Q

when do limbs between to develop

A

week 4

79
Q

what limb develops first

A

upper limbs

80
Q

what genes control positioning of limbs

A

homeobox genes

81
Q

what mesoderm contributes to limb components

A

somatic and somititc mesoderm

82
Q

somites for upper limbs

A

C5-T1

83
Q

somites for lower limb

A

L2-S2

84
Q

core of limb bud is..

A

mesoderm

85
Q

outside of limb bud is..

A

ectoderm

86
Q

when the ectoderm thickens what’s formed?

A

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

87
Q

what does the AER secrete

A

FGF

88
Q

what does FGF do?

A

stimulates growth and development of mesenchyme

89
Q

what do cells further from AER become

A

cartilage and muscle

90
Q

what happens to form the digits

A

apoptosis in certain areas of AER

91
Q

specialized mesenchymal cell that responds to FGFs from AER

A

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

92
Q

what does ZPA do

A

secretes factors that determine axis…like sonic hedgehog gene

93
Q

what does the sonic hedgehog protein do?

A

determines anterior and posterior axis (thumb vs. little finger, great toe vs baby toe)

94
Q

when do limbs rotate

A

week 8

95
Q

which way do the thumbs rotate

A

90 degrees laterally

96
Q

which way do the toes rotate

A

90 degrees medially

97
Q

absence or malformation of one or more limbs

A

amelia

98
Q

partial absence of one or more limbs, shortened limb with/without hand or foot attached, limbs resemble flippers

A

meromelia or phocomelia

99
Q

drug that was teratogenic that was prescribed for morning sickness

A

thalidomide

100
Q

duplication of digits, most common is little finger

A

polydactyly

101
Q

failure of apoptosis that results in webbed fingers and or toes

A

syndactyly

102
Q

fusion of adjacent digits but nothing in the middle.. leads to unusual positioning of the foot

A

clubfoot

SKIN/MS FINAL (6 decks)

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