bone and joints Flashcards
synarthroses
an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue
diarthrosis
synovial joint, more mobile joint with fluid and cartilage
synotosis
Bone, no movement for example mature skull
synchondrosis
cartilage, growth plate
symphysis
fibrocartilage joining, early pelvic
syndesmosis
fibrous joining for example early skull
ginglymus
hinge joint, only allow movement in one axis
trochoid
pivot joint, only allow movement in one axis
saddle/sellar
joint that moves in 2 axes for example Interphalangeal
ellipsoidal
moves in two axes
enarthrosis
ball and socket joint, can move in three axes
planar
sliding joint, only has translational movement not rotation
synovial membrane
glistening pink membrane that lines synovial joints
type A synoviocytes
phagocytic cells
type B synoviocytes
secretory cells
synovial fluid
secreted by plasma, made up of plasma, ultra-filtrate and hyaluronate
synovial fluid function
lubricant and nutritive
articular cartilage
arcade arrangement of collagen -tangential fibres superficially and perpendicular fibres deeper. no blood vessels and nerves fed by diffusion
proteoglycans
sugar side chains retain. water and resist compression, squeeze the sides and water seeps into the joint space
GAGs have a negative charge they repel each other and attract water
fibrous capsule
attaches to the periosteum, continuous with articular cartilage, supports. joints
discs
fibrocartilage ingrowth from the capsule, completely splits the joint in half eg jaw
menisci
fibrocartilage ingrowth from the capsule, incomplete doesn’t completely split in half eg stifle
labrum
fibrocartilaginous extension of joint surface eg in the hip socket
fat pads
lie between the synovial membrane and capsule
bursae
small synovial spaces between bones and something else eg tendon
osteochondrosis
disordered ossification of the endplate
osteoblasts
uninucleate, long lived cells that synthesise bone
osteocytes
uninucleate, long lived bone cells that are formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in material it has secreted
osteoclasts
breaks down bone, myeloid blood cell derived multinucleate cells
bone formation/destruction control
controlled hormonally by PTH, calcitonin and. vitamin D
osteons
parallel. cylinders in compact bone which arise form constant remodelling
Haversian canal
carries vessels and nerves and connects to marrow cavity
lacuna
contains a resting osteocyte
compact long bone structure
each osteon is made up of concentric cylinders of matrix interspersed with lacunae
each lacuna contains a resting osteocyte
the lacunae are stellate with canaliculi permitting bone, containing cytoplasmic processes?/
cancellous bone
spongy, porous bone tissue, filled with red marrow.
red marrow
haemopoietic
yellow marrow
adipose tissue
pneumatised bone
contains many hollow cells of air, found in birds
periosteum function
- major role in bone formation
- tendons, ligaments and joint capsules attach to it, not directly to bone
- carries blood vessels and nerves
- major role in bone repair, important post fracture
membrane bone
cancellous bone and marrow sandwiched between two layers of compact bone and periosteum
cartilage
firm extracellular chondrin matrix, laid down by chondroblasts
hyaline skeletal cartilage
simples, may mineralise in old age - upper respiratory tract
elastic skeletal cartilage
contains elastic fibres too - external ear and upper respiratory tract
fibrocartilage skeletal
alternating layers of hyaline cartilage and collagen - intervertebral discs, symphysis, discs, menisci etc
articular cartilage
complex, partly fibrous/partly hyaline
