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Oral Biology > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different macroscopic bone types

A

Cortical compact bone

Cancellous spongy bone

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2
Q

Describe cortical compact bone

A

Dense outer plate

Makes 80-85% of the skeleton

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3
Q

Describe cancellous spongy bone

A

Internal trabecular scaffolding

Makes 15-20% of the skeleton

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4
Q

What is bundle bone

A

Cortical bone, lining the tooth sockets that is penetrated by Sharpey’s fibres

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5
Q

What is the composition of bone by weight

A

60% inorganic - hydroxyapatite
15% water
25% organic - mostly collagen, then glycoproteins and proteoglycans

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6
Q

What are the different microscopic bone types

A

Woven bone

Lamellar bone

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7
Q

Describe woven bone

A

Rapidly laid down
Irregular deposition of collagen
Present in foetus
Contains many osteocytes

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8
Q

Describe lamellar bone

A

Laid down more slowly
Collagen fibres laid down in parallel
Normal form in adults
Contains fewer osteocytes

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9
Q

Describe the structure of compact bone

A

Laid down in concentric lamellae (lamellar bone) to form longitudinal columns which are organised in Haversian systems around central canals
Contains blood vessels

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10
Q

Describe cancellous bone structure

A

Network of thin trabecular which consist of lamellae
Osteocytes present
No Haversian systems
Bone is thin so nutrients can diffuse in
Bone marrow present in the spaces between trabeculae

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11
Q

What is the location and function of osteoblasts and what are they derived from

A

Lie on the surface of bone
Derived from mesenchymal cells
Synthesise and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix which is mineralised by calcium salts

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12
Q

What is the location and function of osteocytes

A

They are osteoblasts that become trapped in mineralised bone - they lie within spaces called lacunae
They contact other osteocytes via cytoplasmic processes that run in canaliculi

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13
Q

What is the location and function of osteoclasts and what are they derived from

A

Large, multinucleate cells derived from stem cells, related to macrophages
They resorb bone
They lie in con cavities in bone called Howship’s lacunae

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14
Q

What is bone remodelling

A

Removal and replacement of bone tissue without change in overall chape

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15
Q

How much bone is replaced each year

A

2% of cortical bone

25% of cancellous bone

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16
Q

How is bone remodelling controlled and regulated

A

Controlled by osteoblasts

Regulated by hormones - PTH and calcitonin; and paracrines - various cytokines

17
Q

Describe the process of bone remodelling

A

PTH acts on cells to start bone resorption
Osteoclasts are recruited by signalling molecules and resorb bone
Osteoblasts produce bone matrix - osteoid - which is mineralised to form bone

18
Q

When may bone remodelling occur to aid tooth movement

A

During eruption
Post eruptive - mesial drift
Orthodontic forces

19
Q

What is cartilage

A

Semi-rigid, unmineralised, avascular connective tissue

20
Q

What are common types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

21
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found (6)

A 
Larynx 
Nasal septum 
Trachea 
Ends of ribs (costal cartilages
Articular surfaces
Embryonic skeleton (precursor to bone)
22
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found

A

Intervertebral discs

Pubic symphysis

23
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found

A

External ear
Epiglottis
Eustacian tube

24
Q

Describe the different cartilage cells

A

Formed by chondroblasts

These get trapped in the matrix and become chondrocytes

25
Q

What are the different types of bone growth

A

Endochondral ossification

Intramembranous ossification

26
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

Growing cartilage is systemically replaces by bone to form the growing skeleton

27
Q

What is intramembranous ossification

A

When bone develops directly from mesenchymal connective tissue

28
Q

What is achondroplasia

A

Genetic defect of cartilage growth

Endochondral growth is impaired but intramembranous growth is unaffected

Oral Biology (12 decks)

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