Bonding & Molecular Structure

Question 1

Covalent Bond

Answer 1

The bonding that results in the sharing of an electron pair between two electrons.

• Nonmetal + Nonmetal
• Electrons are shared
• 2 types of covalent bonds; nonpolar, polar

Question 2

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 2

A type of covalent bond in between 2 atoms in which electrons are shared unequally.

• 0.3 < electronegativity < 1.7
• Atom w/ more electronegativity have increased attraction to shared electrons within a bond.

Question 3

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Answer 3

A type of covalent bond in which atoms share electrons equally.
- 0 < electronegativity <= 0.3

Question 4

Ionic Bond

Answer 4

A type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with starkly different electronegativities.

• Metal - Nonmetal
• Electrons are gained/ lost
• Charges attract
• electronegativity > 1.7

Question 5

Metallic Bond

Answer 5

A type of chemical bonding that holds atoms together in a metallic substance.

• Metal - Metal
• sea of electrons

Question 6

Molecules + Compounds - Ionic

Answer 6

Formed from positive and negative ions
+ ion before - ion
ex: NaCl (NH4)2SO4 Al2S3
Naming-
name of cation + name of anion
ex. sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, aluminum sulfide
- When naming an ionic compound, the name of the cation is followed by the name of the anion

Question 7

Molecules + Compounds - Binary Nonmetal

Answer 7

Molecular Compounds

• usually the less electronegative atom first. ex: CO CO2 N2O
• Indicate the number (mono, di, tri, etc.)
• First element is the name of the element. Second element name ends with “ide”
  ex: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, dinitrogen monoxide

Question 8

Binary Ionic

Answer 8

A compound that contains an ion that is a metal (cation) and an ion that is a nonmetal (anion).

• (Regular) name of 1st element
• Name of 2nd element with an “ide-“ ending
• ex: Calcium Chloride
• When naming an ionic compound, the name of the cation is followed by the name of the anion. Monatomic anions are named with the ending -ide.

Question 9

Ionic with a Transition Metal

Answer 9

• Calculate Charge of the Transition Metal
• Name of the 1st element + charge of the transition metal in parenthesis () + name of the anion
• ex: FeCl2 -> Iron (II) Chloride

Question 10

Ionic with Polyatomic Ion

Answer 10

• Name of cation
• Name of polyatomic ion (-ate, -ite)
• If there is a TM;
  
  • calculate the charge of the TM
  • name of the cation (TM)
  • charge of the TM in ()
  • name of the polyatomic ion in (-ate, -ite)

Question 11

Cation

Answer 11

An ion with a net positive charge.
Ex: Alkali Metals, Alkali Earth Metals, Metalloids
Ex: H+ (1 proton, 1+ charge, 0 electrons)
Ex: Cr2+ (Cromium (II))

Question 12

Anions

Answer 12

Atoms with a net negative charge.
Ex: Nonmetals
Ex: H- (1 protons, 2 electrons, 1- charge)

Question 13

A certain ion has 20 protons and 18 electrons. What kind of element is it? What is its net charge?

Answer 13

20 protons, 18 electrons.
This element is Ca, calcium.
Total charge (protons): 20+, Total charge (electrons): 18-

Charge from protons : 20 x (1+) = 20+
Charge from electrons : 18 x (1-) = 18-
——————————————————-
Net charge : (20+) + (18- ) = 2+

We can write the write the symbol for the calcium 2+ cation as follows: Ca^2+

Question 14

-ide

Answer 14

• Used for nonmetals mostly
• Monatomic anions are named with the ending -ide
• Binary chemical compound
• Usually used for anions
  Ex: H-, Cl-, Br-, I-

Question 15

-ate

Answer 15

• Indicates a higher oxidation state
• Usually negative ions
  Ex: NO3- (nitrate), ClO3- (chorate)

Question 16

-ite

Answer 16

• Indicates a low oxidation state

Ex: NO2- (nitrite)