Bonding and Intermolecular Forces

Question 1

Covalent bonds involve the _____________ of electrons, which is usually between nonmetals and metalloids.

Answer 1

Sharing

Question 2

Reason ionic bond forms

Answer 2

Cation-anion attraction

Question 3

Law that dictates strength of ionic bond

Answer 3

Coulomb’s law

Question 4

The greater the electronegativity difference between two elements sharing electrons, the more __________ the bond.

Answer 4

Polar

Question 5

Carbon will make _______ bonds when covalently bonded.

Answer 5

4

Question 6

4 electron domains

Answer 6

sp³
Tetrahedral
109°

Question 7

3 electron domains

Answer 7

sp²
Trigonal planar
120°

Question 8

2 electron domains

Answer 8

sp
Linear
180°

Question 9

In asymmetrical molecules, bond dipoles __________ cancel, which makes the molecule __________.

Answer 9

Do not; polar

Question 10

In symmetrical molecules, bond dipoles _________ cancel out, which makes the molecules _________.

Answer 10

Do; nonpolar

Question 11

Carbon-to-hydrogen bonds are considered __________.

Answer 11

Nonpolar

Question 12

C_xH_y polarity

Answer 12

Always nonpolar

Question 13

A single bond contains 2 electrons, which make up ____ sigma bond(s) and ____ pi bond(s).

Answer 13

one; zero

Question 14

A double bond contains 4 electrons, which make up ____ sigma bond(s) and ____ pi bond(s).

Answer 14

one; one

Question 15

A triple bond contains 6 electrons, which make up ____ sigma bond(s) and ____ pi bond(s).

Answer 15

one; two

Question 16

Lattice energy is the energy required to separate __________ in a(n) ____________ compound.

Answer 16

Ions; ionic

Question 17

Lattice energy is larger for ionic compounds made up of _______ ions.

Answer 17

smaller

Question 18

Lattice energy is larger for ionic compounds made up of __________ charged ions.

Answer 18

Larger

Question 19

Formal charge formula

Answer 19

FC = # ve^- – # electrons in lone pairs – # of bonds

Question 20

When comparing two possible Lewis dot structures for a molecule, a negative formal charge should go on the _____________ electronegative element if possible.

Answer 20

more

Question 21

The ____________ should be obeyed when drawing Lewis dot structures unless an element has a(n) ______________.

Answer 21

Octet rule; expanded octet

Question 22

If NASL fails, use the _____ line to figure out how many electrons to distribute.

Answer 22

A

Question 23

General ranking of IMF strength from weakest to strongest

Answer 23

LDF
Dipole-dipole
Hydrogen bonding
Ion-dipole

Note: LDF can be stronger for LARGE molecules due to polarizability.

Question 24

LDF strength is usually weak, but can be stronger when the particle is ________________ and ______________________.

Answer 24

Large; spread out

Question 25

Lager molecules have stronger LDFs due to _____________.

Answer 25

Polarizability

Question 26

IMF that all particles can experience between one another

Answer 26

LDF

Question 27

Polar molecules interacting involve what forces always?

Answer 27

LDF Dipole-dipole Note: hydrogen bonding is possible also if one molecule has a NOF bonded directly to a hydrogen atom.

Question 28

Hydrogen bonding requires that the interacting molecules be _________ and one must have __________ directly bonded to a hydrogen.

Answer 28

Polar; N, O, or F

Question 29

Boiling point and melting point _________ with stronger attractive forces.

Answer 29

Increase

Question 30

Vapor pressure _________ with stronger attractive forces.

Answer 30

Decreases

Question 31

Molecular solids

Answer 31

Held together by IMFs Brittle Low BP/MP Does not conduct electricity in solid phase, liquid phase, or when in water

Question 32

Ionic solids

Answer 32

Held together by ionic bonds Brittle High MP/BP Don’t conduct electricity as solid but do conduct electricity in liquid phase or dissolved in water

Question 33

Quartz (SiO₂) and diamond are examples of _______________ solids.

Answer 33

Covalent network

Question 34

Network covalent solids

Answer 34

Held together by covalent bonds Hard Very high BP/MP

Question 35

Metallic solid

Answer 35

Held together by metallic bonds (sea of electrons w/ nondirectional bonds) Malleable High MP/BP Conducts electricity in solid or liquid phase, but does not dissolve in water unless reacting with water

Question 36

Molecular solids melting or boiling involve the breaking of ____________ and NOT ____________.

Answer 36

IMFs; bonds

Question 37

IMFs should not be referred to as _________.

Answer 37

Bonds

Question 38

Chromatography separates based on differences in ____________.

Answer 38

Polarity

Question 39

The molecule that travels ____________ with the mobile phase is the most attracted to the mobile phase.

Answer 39

Fastest/furthest

Question 40

Distillation separates based on ___________.

Answer 40

Boiling point