Bonding and Chemical Interactions

Question 1

one or more electrons from an atom with a low ionization energy (typically a metal) are transferred to an atom with a high electron affinity (typically a nonmetal), resulting electrostatic attraction between opposite charges holds ions together

Answer 1

ionic bonding

Question 2

an electron pair is shared between two atoms (typically nonmetals) with relatively similar values of electronegativity; degree to which electron pair is shared determines degree of polarity

Answer 2

covalent bonding

Question 3

electron pair is shared equally

Answer 3

nonpolar covalent bonding

Question 4

electron pair is shared unequally

Answer 4

polar covalent bonding

Question 5

if both of the shared electrons are contributed by only one of the two atoms

Answer 5

coordinate covalent bonding

Question 6

form between atoms that have significantly different electronegativities, electrons are not shared, very high boiling and melting points

Answer 6

ionic bonds

Question 7

formed by atom that loses electrons

Answer 7

cation

Question 8

formed by atom that gains electrons

Answer 8

anion

Question 9

structure formed by ionic constituents in a solid state, consists of repeating positive and negative ions

Answer 9

crystalline lattice

Question 10

form between atoms with similar electronegativities, share electrons, lower boiling and melting points

Answer 10

covalent bonds

Question 11

bond with nearly identical electronegativities, equal distribution of electrons, no separation of charges

Answer 11

nonpolar covalent bond

Question 12

bond with atoms that differ moderately in electronegativities, share electrons unevenly, have separation of charges

Answer 12

polar covalent bond

Question 13

a vector quantity of polar bond or molecule

Answer 13

dipole moment (p)

Question 14

dipole moment (p)

Answer 14

p = qd

where:
q = magnitude of charge
d = displacement vector separating partial charges

Question 15

bond where both of shared electrons originated on same atom, such as when lone pair of one atom attacks another atom with an unhybridized p-orbital to form a bond, typically found in Lewis acid-base reactions

Answer 15

coordinate covalent bond

Question 16

resonance structure stability is greater when:

Answer 16

1) less or smaller formal charges are present
2) there is less separation between opposite formal charges
3) negative formal charges are placed on more electronegative atoms

Question 17

spatial arrangement of all pairs of electrons around central atom, including bonding and lone pairs of electrons

Answer 17

electronic geometry

Question 18

spatial arrangement of only bonding pairs of electrons

Answer 18

molecular geometry

Question 19

weak electrostatic interactions between atoms and compounds, can impact boiling and melting points

Answer 19

intermolecular forces

Question 20

attractive or repulsive forces of short lived and rapidly shifting dipoles, a type of van der Waals force, weakest type of intermolecular forces

Answer 20

London dispersion forces

Question 21

attractive electrostatic force between positive region of one molecule close to the negative region of another, denoted by dashed lines between molecules, present in solid and liquid phases, polar species tend to have higher boiling and melting points, middle strength of intermolecular forces

Answer 21

dipole-dipole interactions

Question 22

unusually strong dipole-dipole interaction formed when hydrogen molecules bond to very electronegative N, O, or F; H atom carries very small amount of electron density in covalent bonds allowing it to essentially act as a naked proton interacting with partial negative charges of nearby molecules; very high boiling point, strongest type of intermolecular forces

Answer 22

hydrogen bonds