Bonding

Question 1

ionic bond

Answer 1

electrons are transferred from one atom to another and the resulting ions are held together by electrostatic interactions

Question 2

covalent bond

Answer 2

electrons are shared between atoms

Question 3

principal quantum number, n

Answer 3

responds t the energy level of a given electron in an atom and is essentially a measure of size; the smaller the number, the closer the shell to the nucleus and the lower its energy

Question 4

azimuthal quantum number, l

Answer 4

ranges from 0 to n-1; s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3 subshells;

Question 5

magnetic quantum number, ml

Answer 5

ranges from -l to +l for a given subshell;
s-orbital:spherical
p-orbital: two lobes located symmetrically about nucleus
d-orbital: composed of four symmetrical lobes

Question 6

molecular orbitals

Answer 6

formed when two atomic orbitals combine

Question 7

bonding orbital

Answer 7

formed if the signs of the wave functions are the same; more stable

Question 8

anti bonding orbital

Answer 8

formed if the signs of the wave functions are different; less stable

Question 9

sigma bond

Answer 9

all single bonds; molecular orbital is formed by head-to-head or tail-to-tail overlap

Question 10

pi bond

Answer 10

when two p-orbitals line up parallel and their electron clouds overlap

Question 11

double bond

Answer 11

one pi bond on top of a sigma bond

Question 12

triple bond

Answer 12

one sigma bond and two pi bonds

Question 13

bond strength

Answer 13

double bonds are stronger than single bonds overall, but a single pi bond is weaker than a single sigma bond

Question 14

s-character

Answer 14

for example, an sp^3 bond has 25% s character

Question 15

sp^2 hybridization

Answer 15

when one s-orbital is mixed with two p-orbitals, three sp^2 hybridized orbitals are formed; 33% s character and 67% p character; form double bonds

Question 16

sp^3 hybridization

Answer 16

four identical sp^3 orbitals; one s and three p orbitals; 25% s character and 75% p character

Question 17

sp hybridization

Answer 17

form triple bonds; 50% s character; two pi bonds can form a triple bond or two double bonds in a row; 180 degrees

Question 18

conjugation

Answer 18

alternating single and multiple bonds; adds stability