Bonding

Question 1

Lewis Symbols

Answer 1

Consists of the element and a dot for each valence electron

Question 2

What are the 3 types of bonding?

Answer 2

Covalent
Ionic
Metallic

Question 3

Covalent Bonding

Answer 3

Electron sharing normally between non metals
Non metals tend to do this as their ionisation energies are too high
They are v. strong
Directional bonds- molecules are certain shapes
Can form giant strucures for example diamond

Question 4

Ionic Bonding

Answer 4

Transfer of electrons between two atoms forming cations and anions to gain stability
Strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
Typical properties: High melting and boiling point, brittle
Usually crystalline structure
Not directional

Question 5

Between Ionic and Covalent bonding

Answer 5

In many cases Ionic and Covalent are not suitable. The bond has mixed character. (HCl)
Creates polar molecules
Electronegavity difference needs to be 0.4-2 for this to be the case

Question 6

Electronegativity

Answer 6

The power of an atom to withdraw electrons from the other atom in a bond

Question 7

3 Types of Secondary Bonding

Answer 7

Polar Bonds
Hydrogen Bonding
VDW Forces

Question 8

Polar Bonds

Answer 8

Originate from the imbalance of charge between atoms in a molecule.
This reults in an attractive force between molecules
Dipole-dipole interactions

Question 9

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 9

Same as polar bonding and is used when one of the polar atoms is Hydrogen
It give Water its high boiling point, as Water has two pairs of none bonding valence electrons
Hydrogen bonding is stronger than most intermolecular forces

Question 10

VDW’s forces

Answer 10

V. weak forces
At a particular time electrons are not even distributed, giving a molecule an inbalance in charge
After a short time, this induces this in other molecules and gives a net attraction

Question 11

Secondary bonding affects

Answer 11

Boiling/Melting point- The stronger the secondary bond, the higher the temp.
Surface tension- Results from the cohesive intermolecular forces in a liquid
Capillary action- the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without thhe assistance of external forces
Vapor Pressure- Pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases
Miscibility- the property of a substance to mix in all proportions to form a homogeneous solution

Question 12

Secondary Bonding strength

Answer 12

Ion-Dipole
H Bond
Dipole-dipole
Ion-induced dipole
Dipole induced dipole
VDW's