Bonding

Question 0

What is a cation?

Answer 0

A cation is a metallic ion.

Question 1

Na and Cl bond so well because…

Answer 1

Na is a metal and its ion is Na+. Cl is a nonmetal and its ion is Cl-. Na has the electron chlorine wants, so they share it to create a noble gas configuration. This is a salt.

Question 2

What is an anion?

Answer 2

An anion is a nonmetallic ion.

Question 3

Why are ions formed?

Answer 3

Ions are formed so atoms can create a noble gas configuration.

Question 4

What is the Lewis Dot Diagram for hydrogen?

Answer 4

.

H

Question 5

What is the Lewis Dot Diagram for NaCl?

Answer 5

..
[Na]+[:Cl:]-
..
The plus sign next to Na and the negative sign next to Cl represent the charge, not addition and subtraction

Question 6

How many lithium ions would be needed to neutralize the charge of an oxygen ion?

Answer 6

2 would be needed. A lithium ion has a charge of +1 and an oxygen ion has a charge of -2. You would need 2 lithium ions to create a charge of +2, which would neutralize the charge of -2.

Question 7

Ionic compounds have a difference greater than or equal to

Answer 7

1.7

Question 8

MgCl can be expressed as

2

Answer 8

Magnesium chloride

Question 9

Iron (II) varies from iron (III) in what way?

Answer 9

The Roman numerals indicate the charge of the ion.

Question 10

Iron (III) oxide can be expressed as

Answer 10

Fe O

2 3

Question 11

Endothermic means

Answer 11

Absorbing heat (examples: melting, boiling)

Question 12

Exothermic means

Answer 12

Releasing heat (example: combustion, aka fire)

Question 13

What is an ion?

Answer 13

An ion is an atom that has lost or gained electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration.

Question 14

What is a compound?

Answer 14

2 or more DIFFERENT atoms that are chemically combined in definite proportions.
NaCl - compound
Ammonium phosphate - compound
Ozone (O3) - not a compound

Question 15

Are the radii of cations greater or smaller than that of the neutral state?

Answer 15

Smaller

Question 16

Are the radii of anions smaller of larger than that of the neutral state?

Answer 16

Large

Question 17

What are characteristics (both quantitative and qualitative) of ionic bonds?

Answer 17

High melting points, good conductivity in liquids (usually when dissolved in water), hard texture, and an electronegativity difference of 1.7 or greater.

Question 18

What creates conductivity?

Answer 18

Mobile electron

Question 19

What are the diatomics?

Answer 19

HOFBrINCl

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Flourine, Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, and Chlorine

Question 20

Diatomics form what kind of bond?

Answer 20

Nonpolar covalent

Question 21

What types of elements form covalent bonds? Ionic bonds?

Answer 21

Ionic bonds are formed by metals and nonmetals. Covalent bonds are formed by nonmetals.

Question 22

True or false:

In a covalent bond, attraction is less than repulsion.

Answer 22

False.

In a covalent bond, attraction between atoms is greater than repulsion.

Question 23

What is a common goal of ionic and covalent bonds?

Answer 23

A common goal is to form octets.

Question 24

What are the characteristics of covalent bonds?

Answer 24

Soft, poor conductors of electricity, low boiling and melting point, not very soluble, and tend to be flammable.

Question 25

Draw a Lewis Dot Diagram for methane.

Answer 25

``` H | H— C — H | H ```

Question 26

Double and triple bonds are much __________ and __________ than single bonds.

Answer 26

Stronger and shorter

Question 27

Draw a Lewis Dot Structure diagram for dinitrogen monoxide with a charge of -1.

Answer 27

.. .. .. -1 [:O=N—O:] ..

Question 28

What are the prefixes for numbers 1-10?

Answer 28

Mono (only for oxygen), di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca

Question 29

What are the 5 formulas to remember?

Answer 29

``` Water - H2O Ammonia - NH3 (not ammonium) Methane - CH4 Hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 Glucose - C6H12O6 ```

Question 30

What is used when molecular compounds have multiple Lewis Dot Diagrams?

Answer 30

Calculate formal charge for each atom in the molecular compound. Look for the most stable. Formal charge = valence electrons - (number of bonds + number of lone electrons)

Question 31

What is the difference between resonance and a hybrid Lewis Dot Diagram?

Answer 31

Resonance shows all different combinations concerning location of bonds and lone electrons. A hybrid doesn't show lone electrons and shows a dotted line next to a bond.

Question 32

What are the exceptions to the octet rule?

Answer 32

Hydrogen, odd number of valence electrons, atoms with fewer than 8 valence electrons in a full valence shell, and expanded octets (atoms with more than 8 valence electrons, occurs only in elements in a Period 3 and above. An example is sulphur hexafluoride)

Question 33

What is the definition of a covalent bond?

Answer 33

A covalent bond is a bond between atoms that is formed by the sharing of electrons rather than the transfer of electrons.

Question 34

What are the electronegativity difference ranges for bonds?

Answer 34

Ionic has a range of 1.7-4.0 Polar has a range of 0.4-1.7 Nonpolar has a range of 0.0-0.4

Question 35

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar bonds?

Answer 35

Nonpolar covalent bonds have an equal attraction for shared electrons (example: diatomics) whereas polar covalent bonds have an unequal attraction for shared electrons (example: hydrogen chloride)

Question 36

True or false: In nonpolar molecules, dipoles pull electrons slightly towards one atom and slightly away from another, creating a slightly negative and slightly positive side.

Answer 36

False. This occurs in polar molecules.

Question 37

What kind of molecule is carbon tetrachloride? What kinds of bonds does it have?

Answer 37

``` Polar bonds Nonpolar molecule (look at symmetry) ```

Question 38

True or false: Any diatomic with a polar bond is a polar molecule. Example: Carbon monoxide

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Is it true to conclude that diatomic molecules that have nonpolar bonds are nonpolar molecules? Examples: chlorine, oxygen

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Three or more atoms are polar unless:

Answer 40

The central atom has no lone pairs and is surrounded by atoms of one element.