bond mechansims

Question 1

lewis base
(nucleophile)

Answer 1

accepts a H+ ion, therefore electron pair donator
has a lone pair-covalent bond waiting to happen
e.g. ammonia

Question 2

lewis acid
(elctrophile)

Answer 2

has an empty orbital, therefore electron pair acceptor
e.g.H+ ion

Question 3

heterolytic bond fission

Answer 3

hetero= different
one atom gets both electrons from a covalent bond, forming 2 ions
shown with a full arrow

Question 4

homolytic bond fission

Answer 4

one electron goes to each bonded atom
forms 2 radicals
shown with a fishhook arrow

Question 5

functional group

Answer 5

part of a compound that is responsible for the way that it reacts

Question 6

homologous series

Answer 6

a family of molecules with the same general formula but differ by a CH2 each time

Question 7

markinov’s rule

Answer 7

when HZ (unsymmetrical) reacts with an alkene (c=c), the H will join the C with most other H’s attached
(primary c.cation less stable than 2ndary or 3tiary)

Question 8

Hydration of alkenes

Answer 8

steam/acidic
H+ from acid breaks c=c and forms carbocation
lone pair on water bonds to c+ and takes up +
extra H reacts back w acid

Question 9

oxidizing agents

Answer 9

O2
O3
KMnO4
K2CrO4
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Question 10

oxidation of primary alcohols

Answer 10

under distillation:
ROH + [O] => H20+RCHO
(aldehyde)
under reflux:
ROH + 2[O] =>H20+RCOOH
(carboxylic acid)

Question 11

oxidation of secondary alcohols

Answer 11

under reflux:
R(OH)R’ + [O]=> R(CO)R’ + H2O
(ketone)

Question 12

dehydration of alcohols
(elimination)

Answer 12

under reflux/acidic cons
lone pair on O attracts H+
(O+ remains)
O+ repels other lone pair onto C
releases H2O and H+