Body Terminology Flashcards
1) Superior (Cranial)
2) Inferior (Claudal)
Superior (Cranial): Upward Arrow. Up or Above
Inferior (Caudal): Downward Arrow. It is down or below.
1) Medial
2) Lateral
1) Medial: Towards the middle or median of the body.
2) Lateral: Towards the outside of the body, away from the body.
1) Anterior (Ventral)
2) Posterior (Dorsal)
1) Anterior (Ventral): The front side of the body
2) Posterior (Dorsal): The back side of the body
Name the 3 anatomical planes of the body
1) Coronal (frontal)
2) Median ( Midsagittal )
3) Transverse ( horizontal )
1) Proximal
2) Distal
1) Proximal: Proximal is towards the body, so the top of the arm or biceps are proximal or more proximal than the hand.
2) Distal: Further away from the body or point of attachment.
It is referring to the limbs and their situation to their point of attachment.
1) Superficial (External)
2) Deep ( Internal)
1) Superficial (External): More towards the outside of the body or the skin
2) Deep ( Internal): More towards the inside of the body or the internal organs.
Intermediate
In between. Between the superficial (external) and deep (internal)
Anatomical Postion
- Standing erect
- Feet together pointing forward
- Palms forward (no bones crossed), arms at sides
- Looking forward
- Lower limbs together
- Neck vertical
- No matter what position the person is in, structures and surfaces are referred to as if the individual is in the anatomical position.
- A prone or supine position does not change anatomical position!
Flexion
Reducing the angle between the two body parts
Extension
increasing angle between two body parts
Hyperextenion
The shoulder is an exception for this. It is extension when it is on the side, and then hyperextension is when it goes back.
Adduction vs. Abduction and circumduction
Adduction is the movement towards the body of the arm.
Abduction is moving the arm out from the body.
Circumduction is a combination of different movements.
Medial vs. Lateral Rotation
Medial is the movement of the foot or toes towards the middle of the body.
Lateral is the movement of the toes toward the outside of the body.
Pronation vs. Supination
- In anatomical position is is supernation, they are parallel. Holding the soup is supernation.
- Pronation is when you flip the hand over, now the bones cross. Pouring the soup.
- Hold a bowl of soup with a supinated forearm & pour it with pronated forearm
Hand Flexion vs. Extension
Flexion is the bending of the hand in towards the bottom of the forearm
Extension is the bending of the wrist to bring the back of the hand towards the top of the forearm
Hand movement: Opposition vs. Reposition
Oppositon is the bringing of the fingers together so the thumb touches the pinky.
Repostion is the extension of the fingers.
Hand movement: Supination vs. Pronation
Supination is the palm up, pronation is the palm down.
Foot movement: Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar flexion
Dorsi flexion is movement of the toes and foot up toward knee cap.
Plantar flexion is the movement of the bottom of the foot down.
Foot movement: Inversion vs. Eversion
Inversion: Movement of the bottom of the foot medial or towards the middle of the body.
Eversion: The movement of the bottom of the foot outward.
Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial is the head and body. It is the bones of the skull, vertebral column (spine), ribs, and sternum which form the axial or central line of the body
Appendicular is the skeleton of the appendenges. It is the bones of the limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles which attach the limbs to the body’s axis.
What are the 5 types of bones?
1) Long Bone: femur and humerus are examples
2) Short Bone: carpal bones are examples
3) Flat Bone: Skull vault is an example
4) Irregular Bone: vertebrae are examples
5) Sesamoid Bone: It is located in a tendon
The median sagittal plane
It is the vertical plane passing through the midline of the body which divides the body into equal left and right halves.
The coronal or frontal plane
it is the vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. This plane is perpendicular to the median sagittal plane
The transverse or horizontal plane
It passes horizontally through the bidy and divides it into superior and inferior parts.
Bone Tuberosity
Large rounded projection; may be roughened.
Bone Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process. Only example is on the femur
Bone Line
Narrow ridge of bone; it is less prominant than a crest
Bone Tubercle
Small rounded projection or process
Bone Epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle
Bone Spine
Sharp, slendor, often pointed projection
Bone Process
Any boney prominence
Projections that help to form joints
1) Head: Boney expansion carried on a narrow neck
2) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface
3) Condyle: Rounded articular
4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone
Groove
Furrow in the bone
Fissure
Narrow, slit-like opening
Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Meatus
Canal-like passageway
Sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with a mucus membrane
Fossa
Shallow, basin-like depression in bone, often serving as an articular surface.
Fibrous Joint
Bone ends/parts united by collagen fibers
Cartilagenous Joint
Bone ends/parts united by catilage
Synovial Joint
Bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined within synovial membrane.
They are moveable joints reinforced by ligaments and the bone ends are covered in hyaline cartilage. It is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and the joint and its capsule are lined by a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate it.
6 Types of Synovial Joints
1) Plane
2) Hinge
3) Pivot
4) Condylar
5) Saddle
6) Ball and Socket
Synovial Joint: Plane Joint
Permits gliding and sliding movement
Synovial Joint: Ball and Socket
Multiaxial, the joint has a rounded head that articulate with a concavity allows movement on several axes.
Sinovial Joint: Hinge
Uniaxial, allows flexion and extension only
Synovial Joint: Pivot
Uniaxial, allows rotation
Synovial Joint: Condylar
Biaxial, allows for flexion and extension as well as for abduction and adduction and circumduction.
Synovial Joint: Saddle Joint
Biaxial, the joint has a saddle shaped head which allows flexion and extension as well as adduction and abduction.
