Body Terminology Flashcards
1) Superior (Cranial)
2) Inferior (Claudal)
Superior (Cranial): Upward Arrow. Up or Above
Inferior (Caudal): Downward Arrow. It is down or below.
1) Medial
2) Lateral
1) Medial: Towards the middle or median of the body.
2) Lateral: Towards the outside of the body, away from the body.
1) Anterior (Ventral)
2) Posterior (Dorsal)
1) Anterior (Ventral): The front side of the body
2) Posterior (Dorsal): The back side of the body
Name the 3 anatomical planes of the body
1) Coronal (frontal)
2) Median ( Midsagittal )
3) Transverse ( horizontal )
1) Proximal
2) Distal
1) Proximal: Proximal is towards the body, so the top of the arm or biceps are proximal or more proximal than the hand.
2) Distal: Further away from the body or point of attachment.
It is referring to the limbs and their situation to their point of attachment.
1) Superficial (External)
2) Deep ( Internal)
1) Superficial (External): More towards the outside of the body or the skin
2) Deep ( Internal): More towards the inside of the body or the internal organs.
Intermediate
In between. Between the superficial (external) and deep (internal)
Anatomical Postion
- Standing erect
- Feet together pointing forward
- Palms forward (no bones crossed), arms at sides
- Looking forward
- Lower limbs together
- Neck vertical
- No matter what position the person is in, structures and surfaces are referred to as if the individual is in the anatomical position.
- A prone or supine position does not change anatomical position!
Flexion
Reducing the angle between the two body parts
Extension
increasing angle between two body parts
Hyperextenion
The shoulder is an exception for this. It is extension when it is on the side, and then hyperextension is when it goes back.
Adduction vs. Abduction and circumduction
Adduction is the movement towards the body of the arm.
Abduction is moving the arm out from the body.
Circumduction is a combination of different movements.
Medial vs. Lateral Rotation
Medial is the movement of the foot or toes towards the middle of the body.
Lateral is the movement of the toes toward the outside of the body.
Pronation vs. Supination
- In anatomical position is is supernation, they are parallel. Holding the soup is supernation.
- Pronation is when you flip the hand over, now the bones cross. Pouring the soup.
- Hold a bowl of soup with a supinated forearm & pour it with pronated forearm
Hand Flexion vs. Extension
Flexion is the bending of the hand in towards the bottom of the forearm
Extension is the bending of the wrist to bring the back of the hand towards the top of the forearm
Hand movement: Opposition vs. Reposition
Oppositon is the bringing of the fingers together so the thumb touches the pinky.
Repostion is the extension of the fingers.
Hand movement: Supination vs. Pronation
Supination is the palm up, pronation is the palm down.
Foot movement: Dorsiflexion vs. Plantar flexion
Dorsi flexion is movement of the toes and foot up toward knee cap.
Plantar flexion is the movement of the bottom of the foot down.
Foot movement: Inversion vs. Eversion
Inversion: Movement of the bottom of the foot medial or towards the middle of the body.
Eversion: The movement of the bottom of the foot outward.
Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial is the head and body. It is the bones of the skull, vertebral column (spine), ribs, and sternum which form the axial or central line of the body
Appendicular is the skeleton of the appendenges. It is the bones of the limbs, including the pectoral and pelvic girdles which attach the limbs to the body’s axis.
What are the 5 types of bones?
1) Long Bone: femur and humerus are examples
2) Short Bone: carpal bones are examples
3) Flat Bone: Skull vault is an example
4) Irregular Bone: vertebrae are examples
5) Sesamoid Bone: It is located in a tendon
The median sagittal plane
It is the vertical plane passing through the midline of the body which divides the body into equal left and right halves.
The coronal or frontal plane
it is the vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. This plane is perpendicular to the median sagittal plane
The transverse or horizontal plane
It passes horizontally through the bidy and divides it into superior and inferior parts.
Bone Tuberosity
Large rounded projection; may be roughened.
Bone Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process. Only example is on the femur
Bone Line
Narrow ridge of bone; it is less prominant than a crest
Bone Tubercle
Small rounded projection or process
Bone Epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle
Bone Spine
Sharp, slendor, often pointed projection
Bone Process
Any boney prominence
Projections that help to form joints
1) Head: Boney expansion carried on a narrow neck
2) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface
3) Condyle: Rounded articular
4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone
Groove
Furrow in the bone
Fissure
Narrow, slit-like opening
Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Meatus
Canal-like passageway
Sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with a mucus membrane
Fossa
Shallow, basin-like depression in bone, often serving as an articular surface.
3 Types of Joints:
1) Fibrous: Bone ends/parts united by collagen fibers
2) Cartilagenous: Bone ends/parts united by catilage
3) Synovial: Bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined within synovial membrane
Fibrous Joint
Bone ends/parts united by collagen fibers
Cartilagenous Joint
Bone ends/parts united by catilage
Synovial Joint
Bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined within synovial membrane.
They are moveable joints reinforced by ligaments and the bone ends are covered in hyaline cartilage. It is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and the joint and its capsule are lined by a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate it.
6 Types of Synovial Joints
1) Plane
2) Hinge
3) Pivot
4) Condylar
5) Saddle
6) Ball and Socket
Synovial Joint: Plane Joint
Permits gliding and sliding movement
Synovial Joint: Ball and Socket
Multiaxial, the joint has a rounded head that articulate with a concavity allows movement on several axes.
Sinovial Joint: Hinge
Uniaxial, allows flexion and extension only
Synovial Joint: Pivot
Uniaxial, allows rotation
Synovial Joint: Condylar
Biaxial, allows for flexion and extension as well as for abduction and adduction and circumduction.
Synovial Joint: Saddle Joint
Biaxial, the joint has a saddle shaped head which allows flexion and extension as well as adduction and abduction.
Fascia
The fascia of the body is divided into superficial and deep layers.
Superficial Fascia
It lies deep to the dermis, it is the subcutaneous tissue and it is connected to the deep fascia. It is the most “superficial”
Deep Fascia
It is a dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat, that covers most of the body parallel to (deep to) the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Extensions from its internal surface invest deeper structures, such as individual muscles and neurovascular bundles, as investing fascia. Its thickness varies widely. For example, in the face, distinct layers of deep fascia are absent. In the limbs, groups of muscles with similar functions sharing the same nerve supply are located in fascial compartments, separated by thick sheets of deep fascia, called intermuscular septa that extend centrally from the surrounding fascial sleeve to atach to bones.
3 Types of Blood Vessels
1) Arteries
2) Veins
3) Capillaries
Arteries
Carry blood from the heart to the body. They have thick, elastic walls, are more rigid, and blood flows under high pressure. They carry oxygenated blood EXCEPT for the pulmonary artery and the umbilical artery. They have branches and NO valves.
Veins
Carry blood from the body to the heart. They have a thin, non-elastic wall and are collapsable. Blood flows through them at low pressure. They carry deoxygenated blood except for the pulmunary vein and umbilical vein. They have tributaries, meaning they flow into larger veins and have valves.
- Superficial veins: lie close to the surface of the body.
- Deep veins: known as venae comitantes as they accompany the arteries supplying a given structure.
- Valves are present in low pressure venous system.
- Many veins, particularly those in the arms and legs, have one-way valves.
Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is part of the immune system.
It is composed of:
1) Lymph: watery fluid resembles the plasma and contains lymphocytes.
2) Lymphoid organs: tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes.
3) Lymph vessels: Are a network of capillaries that transport the lymph and lymphocytes.
Lymphatic Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage:
- Majority of lymph collects to drain in the thoracic duct for delivery back to the venous system. Thoracic duct drains at the junction of the Left internal jugular vein (IJV) and left subclavian vein.
- The right lymphatic duct only drains the right upper quadrant of the body at the junction of the Right IJV and right subclavian vein
Nervous System
The nervous system is composed of:
1) Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
2) Periphial nervous system (PNS)
Divisions of the PNS
1) Somatic Nervous System: Skin, skeletal muscles, and joints.
2) Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Skin, skeletal muscles, and joints.
It is composed of motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent). The former carries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. The latter carries sensory information to the CNS
Autonomic Nervous System
Cardiac muscle, glands, and all smooth muscles (vessels and viscera (enteric system)
- It is composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
- The sympathetic nervous system controls fight or flight reactions (dialtion of pupils, increase heart rate, decrease in activity of gut, etc.)
- The Parasympathetic Nervous System is concerned with rest and digest (e.g. increased activity of the gut)
