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HOSA Pathophysiology <3 > Body Systems: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Body Systems: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

lymphodema

A

abnormal collection of lymph usually in the extremities

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2
Q

lymphoedema ss

A
  • swelling of extremity and gross distension
  • no pain
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3
Q

lymphoedema etiology

A
  • inflammatory or mechanical
  • if untreated, connective tissues loses elasticity nd edema becomes permanent
  • lymphatic circulation may be compromised by infection, neoplasm, thrombosis
  • allergic reactions, trauma, surgery may be implicated
  • tight clothing tat constrict vessels can cause temporary lymphoedema
  • women who had mastectomies my experience lymphedema in the adjacent arm
  • stagnant interstitiel fluids are breeding ground for infection and toxins
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4
Q

lymphoedema prognosis

A
  • varies and depends on cause
  • surgical intervention usually has positive outcome
  • not life threatening but carries danger of uncontrolled infection
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5
Q

lymphoedema diagnosis

A
  • painless swelling suggest lympoedema
    -,lymphangiography, radioactive isotope studies
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6
Q

lymphoedema treatment

A
  • remove construction
  • reduce swelling via elastic bandages or stockings
  • affected limbs elevated above heart to encourage drainage
  • diuretics reduce fluid volume
  • surgery to relive mechanical obstruction
  • antibiotics if infection
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7
Q

lymphoedema prevention

A
  • many cases are not preventable
  • avoid tight clothing
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8
Q

lymphangitis

A

inflammation if lymph vessels

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9
Q

lymphangitis ss

A
  • red streak at site of entry of infective organism that extends to regional lymph node
  • swollen and tender lymph node
  • cellulitis in surrounding tissue
  • general infection involving fever, chills, malaise
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10
Q

lymphangitis etiology

A
  • bacterial invasion into lymph vessels at site of local trauma or ulceration
  • occasionally entry side undetectable
  • bacteria travel to regional lymph node and stimulate inflammation
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11
Q

lymphangitis prognosis

A
  • varies depending on amount of tissue involved and nature of causative organism
  • surgical intervention usually positive outcome
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12
Q

lymphangitis diagnosis

A
  • visual inspection of area
  • blood tests indicating leukocytosis
  • cultures of infected tissue
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13
Q

lymphangitis treatment

A
  • systemic antibiotics
  • elevate unrest affected area
  • apply warm and wet dressings
  • surgical drainage of purulent material
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14
Q

lymphangitis prevention

A
  • cannot be prevented
  • good hand washing prevents infection
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15
Q

lymphoma

A
  • malignant neoplasms arising form uncontrolled proliferation of cellular components of lymph systems
  • dysfunctional cells may be B, T cells or both
  • neoplastic lymphocytes are migratory and not only found in lymph structure, but also bloodstream, bone marrow, non-lymph organs
  • treatment determined by cell type and stage
  • 2 categories: Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgekin’s lymphoma
  • both types of lymphoma are staged using Ann armour Cotswolds staging system considering the neoplastic involvement of lymph structures, extra nodal tumour sites, presences or absence of systemic symptoms
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16
Q

lymphoma staging

A

stage 1: single lymph structure or region involved
stage 2: two or more lymphs structures involved with involvement being on these same side of the diaphragm
stage 3: lymph region of both sides of the diaphragm are involved
stage 4: widespread involvement of extra nodal tissue above and below the diaphragm

  • each stage either an A or a B indicating whet any of the B symptoms are absent (A) or present (B)
  • B symptoms: unexplained weight loss of more than 10% of body eight in 6 months, persistent or recurrent fevers above 38C, recurrent drenching night sweats
17
Q

Hodgkin’s disease

A

cancer of bodies lymphatic system involving cell proliferation and interference with normal functioning by collecting in masses in various parts of the body

18
Q

Hodgkin’s disease ss

A
  • painless enlargement of lymph nodes in neck or mediastinum
  • fatigue
  • alcohol induced pain
  • pruritus (itching)
  • B symptoms as disease progresses
19
Q

Hodgkin’s disease etiology

A
  • represents 15% of all lymphomas
  • peak incidents: 20s, over 50
  • risk factors: previous malignancy, chemotherapy, radiation, family, history, immunosuppression
  • tumours arise in tissues of lymph nodes and spread to other lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow
20
Q

Hodgekin’s disease prognosis

A
  • one of the most treatable forms of cancer, can be cured
  • five year survival rate approaches 90%
  • death can result form Hodgkin’s disease or secondary cancers
  • B symptoms, low serum albumin and hemoglobin, male, over 45, anemia, leukocytosis indicate poor prognosis
21
Q

Hodgkin’s disease diagnosis

A
  • node biopsy showing reed-sterner cell in lymphatic tissue, a large cell with 2 or more mirror image nuclei, each with a single nucleolus
  • blood studies indicate mild, normochromic normocytic anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphopenia, esinophils
  • elevated ESR
  • bone marrow biopsy
  • CT scans of chest, abdomen, pelvis to determine extent
  • liver,= and kidney function tests
22
Q

Hodgkin’s disease treatment

A
  • stage 1,2: radiation therapy or combined chemoradiatherapy
  • stage 3, 3B: combined chemoradiotheraoy
  • stage 4: chemotherapy alone
  • relapses: additional chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation for multiple relapses
23
Q

Hodgkin’s disease prevention

A

none known

24
Q

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

heterogenous neoplasms of lymphoid cells

25
Q

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma ss

A
  • painless lymphadenopathy
  • slow, indolent growth to rapid fatal progression
  • enlargement fo tonsils and adenoids
  • fatigue
  • pruritus
  • bone pain
  • GI symptoms
  • B symptoms
26
Q

non Hodgkin’s lymphoma etiology

A
  • peak: preadolescence, increasing age
  • risk factors: history malignancy, radiation, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, HIV, HTLV, EBV, hepatitis C, immunosuppression, connective tissue disorders
  • 3 categories: depends on how aggressive neoplasm is
  • indolent: 35-40% follicular lymphoma most common, small lymphocytic, mantle cell, marginal zone, can arise from B/T/NK
  • aggressive: 50% diffues and peripheral T cell most common
  • highly aggressive: 5%. burkitt’s adult T cell
27
Q

non Hodgkin’s lymphoma prognosis

A
  • some can be cured
  • five year survival 53%
  • indolent: not curable with treatment generally
  • aggressive: curable but rapidly fatal if not treated
28
Q

non Hodgkin’s lymphoma diagnosis

A
  • physical examination
  • excision biopsy
  • bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
  • lab tests, blood tests, renal and liver function
  • chest radiography, CT of abdomen and pelvis
  • GI endoscopy
  • MRI if neurologic signs present
29
Q

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treatment

A
  • indolent: watchful waiting, chemotherapy, radiation though not curable
  • aggressive: chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy
  • relapses: high dose chemotherapy followed by bone marrow transplantation
  • periodic follow up
30
Q

non Hodgkin’s lymphoma prevention

A

none known

31
Q

transfusion incompatibility reaction

A

blood or blood product transfusion has antibodies to recipients RBCs or recipient has antibodies to donors RBCs

32
Q

transfusion incompatibility reaction ss

A
  • hypersensitivity can range form mild to fatal
  • haemolysis
  • agglutination
  • bacterial, allergic, circulatory overload transfusion reactions
  • chills and fever
  • tachycardia
  • serve: back pain, vomiting, diarrhea. hives rash, substernal tightness, dyspnea, hypertension, circulatory collapse, bleeding form puncture site, blood in urine, renal failure
  • most frequently associated with abcs: febrile and short lived, no hemolysis or allergy
33
Q

transfusion incompatibility reaction etiology

A
  • ABO and RH incompatible blood as well as antigens the screening does not reveal cause an antigen antibody reaction
  • histamine and serotonin related from mast cells and platelets
  • disseminated intravascular coagulations usually triggers leading to coagulations problems
34
Q

transfusion incompatibility reaction prognosis

A

varies depending on amount of blood infused, cause, speed of intervention

35
Q

transfusion incompatibility reaction diagnosis

A
  • chills, fever, gives, back pain, dyspnea during transfusion
  • analysis of blood and urine
36
Q

transfusion incompatibility reaction treatment

A
  • stop blood transfusion
  • antihistamines
  • more aggressive treatment for anaphylaxis
37
Q

transfusion incompatibility reaction prevention

A
  • prevention is best form of treatment
  • careful typing and crossmatching of blood products

HOSA Pathophysiology <3 (6 decks)

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