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HOSA Pathophysiology <3 > Body Systems: Integumentary > Flashcards

Body Systems: Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

integumentary system is comprised of:

A

skin, accessory organs (hair, nails, associated glands)

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2
Q

skin

A
  • largest organ of human body (17-20 sq ft)
  • regulates temp
  • receptors sense touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
  • aids in excretion of urea and uric acids
  • synthesizes vitamin D (thru sunlight exposure)
  • protects body from: trauma, infections, damage, toxic chemicals, dehydration
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3
Q

3 structural layers of skin

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. subcutaneous layer
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4
Q

epidermis

A
  • outer layer of skin
  • thin, cellular, multilayered membrane
  • responsible for production of keratin (protein for durability + water retention) and melanin (pigment)
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5
Q

dermis

A
  • middle layer of skin
  • dense, fibrous layer of connective tissue
  • responsible for strength of collagen and elasticity/flexibility from elastin
  • various sensory receptors hat provide info about external environment
  • sebaceous glands: oil glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum (omg) to lubricate, moistens skin as well as moderate antibacterial + anti fungal effects
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6
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

thick and fat section (adipose tissue) that insulates body against heat loss

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7
Q

common symptoms that require med attention

A
  • cutaneous lesions/eruptions
  • pruritus (itching)
  • pain
  • edema (swelling)
  • erythema (redness)
  • inflammation
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8
Q

cyanosis

A

blue tint to skin, caused by deficiency of O2 in circulating blood

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9
Q

jaundice

A

yellow discolouration of skin and whites of eyes, caused by impaired liver and allows bile to accumulate and stain the skin

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10
Q

erythema

A

abnormal redness of skin, caused by increased blood flow and dilated blood vessels close to skin’s surface

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11
Q

pallor

A

pale skin, caused by decreased blood flow

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12
Q

hematoma

A

bruising, bluish, black or yellow mark on skin indicating breakdown of clotted blood under skin

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13
Q

shape and colour of nails provide info:

A
  • clubbing or enlargement of ends of nails due to long term O2 deficiency
  • pale nails may be a sign of anemia
  • flat on conch nail beds may indicate iron deficiency
  • cyanosis of nails is the first visible sign of iron deficiency
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14
Q

diagnostic procedures include:

A
  • microscopic examination of skin scrapings
  • cultures, DNA testing, antigens, antibodies may be used to identify causative organism in infectious diseases
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15
Q

hypersensitivity skin disorders

A
  • complete medical history including prior outbreaks and their location helps identify allergen
  • sensitivity or blood testing for antibodies to identify allergen
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16
Q

biopsies

A
  • used to diagnose benign tumours or skin cancer
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17
Q

types of biopsies

A
  • punch: round shape knife is rotated through the epidermis/dermis into subcutaneous tissue
  • incisional: scalpel is used to make a cut through the epidermis down to subcutaneous tissue
  • total excision: removes entire lesion or tumour
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18
Q

skin lesions

A
  • Macule (freckle): discoloured spot of skin
  • wheal (hive): localized elevation of skin and causes itching
  • papule (pimple): solid, elevated area on skin. nodule is a large papule
  • vesicle (blister): small fluid sac
  • pustule: small, elevated lesion filled with pus
  • ulcer: area of skin where the surface has eroded
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19
Q

dermatitis

A
  • inflammation of the skin occurs in many forms, manifested by the pruritus, erythema, and the appearance of various cutaneous lesions
  • can be acute, sub acute, or chronic
  • family history increase risk
  • common types: seborrheic, contact, atopic (eczema me:( ) dermatitis
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20
Q

seborrheic dermatitis SS

A
  • inflammation of sebaceous/oil glands
  • Symptoms & Signs:
  • gradual increase in the amount and charge in quality of sebum produced
  • inflammation occurs in area with greatest # of sebaceous glands (scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, sides of nose, behind ears, middle of chest)
  • affected skin is reddened with yellowish, greasy appearing scales
  • occurs at any age but common during infancy (cradle cap)
  • occurs at a higher rate in adults with disorder of the central nervous system
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21
Q

seborrheic dermatitis patient screening

A
  • gradual onset of disease
  • increase of irritation
  • earliest appointment made
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22
Q

seborrheic dermatitis etiology

A
  • idiopathic
  • emotional stress and hereditary may be precipitating factor
  • may be intensified by pityrosporum (yeast-like organism this I normally found on skin in small #)
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23
Q

seborrheic dermatitis diagnosis + treatment

A

diagnosis: In rare cases where treatment is unresponsive, skin biopsy may be performed

treatment: low strength cortisone/hydrocortisone cream applied topically to affected area

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24
Q

contact dermatitis SS

A

acute inflammation response of skin triggers by an exogenous chemical, substance, or allergen

SS:
- actions of irritant on skin surface or contact with substances that cause an allergic response
- erythema, edema, small vesicles that ooze, itch, burb or sting

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25
Q

contact dermatitis patient screening

A
  • patient reports itching, burning, stinging
  • appointment made at earliest convenience
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26
Q

contact dermatitis etiology

A
  • many substances may induce this disease
  • 3 ways contact dermatitis develops: irritation, sensitization, photoallergy
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27
Q

contact dermatitis treatment

A
  • after contact with known irritant, thoroughly clean skin surface
  • topical application of corticosteroid cream
  • oral steroid
  • dermatitis can rebound after short Cours steroids
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28
Q

contact dermatitis prognosis

A
  • varies depending on the amount of skin area involved and likelihood that the irritant can be removed
  • therapy is usually positive when combined with removal of irritant
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29
Q

contact dermatitis prevention

A
  • identification of irritant and contact avoidance
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30
Q

atopic dermatitis (eczema)

A
  • chronic inflammation of the skin that trends to occur in patients with a family history of allergic conditions
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31
Q

atopic dermatitis SS

A
  • rash with vesicular and exudative eruptions in children
  • dry leathery vesicles in adults
  • rash occurs in characteristic pattern on face, neck, elbows, knees, and upper trunk of body is accompanied by pruritus (itchy skin)
  • frequently associated with other allergic conditions
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32
Q

atopic dermatitis diagnosis

A
  • medical history and examination of skin
  • skin testing for certain allergies
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33
Q

atopic dermatitis treatment

A
  • reducing frequency and severity of eruptions
    may be treated with skin moisturizers, sunlight therapy, vitamin D, or calcipotriene
  • no medications can eliminate
  • topical ointments or creams contain cortisone derivative are primary treatment
  • non steroids anti-inflammatory agents Protopic and elides are prescribed to specifically treat it
  • secondary viral/bacterial infections can result
  • antibiotics for secondary infections
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34
Q

atopic dermatitis prognosis

A
  • reducing frequency and severity of eruptions and itching
  • medications are prescribed to control the itch-scratching cycle
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35
Q

urticaria (hives)

A

associated with severe itching following the appearance of redness and an area of swelling(wheal) in localized area of skin

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36
Q

urticaria SS

A
  • hives of various sizes can erupt as a few lemons anywhere on skins and area usually scattered
  • in gastrointestinal involvement, patient complains about abdominal colic
  • if hives develop in pharyngeal mucosa, airway can be obstructed and lead to asphyxiation
  • if swelling involves deeper tissues, condition is called angioedema and is more serious
  • urticaria is usually common, acute, and short
  • hives can continue over months or years to become a chronic condition
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37
Q

urticaria patient screening

A
  • gives can develop into life-threatening situation if they involve respiratory system
  • cutaneous symptoms may make patients very uncomfortable
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38
Q

urticaria etiology

A
  • affected dermis and results form an acute hypersensitivity and release of histamine
  • causes localized inflammation and vasodilation of capillaries with substantial edema
  • common causes are allergic reactions
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39
Q

urticaria diagnosis

A
  • visual inspection
  • patient history of exposure to allergens
  • sensitivity testing and blood tests for antibodies help identity irritant/allergen
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40
Q

urticaria treatment

A
  • is possible, remove allergen
  • antihistamines bring quick relief
  • injection of epinephrine in severe cases (epipen)
  • in persistent cases, a Corus of prednisone or methylprednisolone os therapeutic. variety of corticosteroid topical drug is used
  • if exposed to allergen again, reaction will occur even after medication
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41
Q

psoriasis

A

an inflammatory chronic recurrent skin condition marked by thick, flaky, red patches of various sizes, covered with characteristic white and silvery scales

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42
Q

psoriasis SS

A
  • scales develop into dry plaques that can progress to pustules
  • affected skin is dry, cracked, encrusted
  • common areas are scalp, outer arms and legs, labor and knees, trunk of body
  • psoriasis plaques can develop in area of physical trauma (koebner phenomenon)
  • most common between 10-30 years old
  • noninfectious and doesn’t really affect general health
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43
Q

psoriasis etiology

A
  • cause is unknown but seems to be hereditary
  • may be an autoimmune disorder
  • more common in white race
  • causes can be: hormonal changes, climate changes, emotional stress, period of generally poor health
  • some drugs )lithium, beta-blockers, NSAIDS are suspected of exacerbating psoriasis
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44
Q

psoriasis treatment

A
  • goal is to reduce inflammation nd slow rapid growth of affected skin cells
  • skin should be kept moist and lubricated
  • options include: UV light, psoralen medication, topical steroids, can tar or retinoid applications, low-dosage antihistamines, oatmeal baths
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45
Q

rosacea

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of the facial skin, causes redness, primarily in area that blush or flush

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46
Q

rosacea symptoms

A
  • increasing redness after dryness and pimples
  • small blood vessel of the cheeks and face enlarge and are visible
  • small knobby bumps appear on nose, mostly in males
  • ocular rosacea is an inflammatory eye condition and is rarer (blood vessel inflamed, eyelids red and swollen, burning or gritty feeling in eyes)
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47
Q

rosacea etiology

A
  • possible correlation with frequency of blushing or flushing
  • lighter complexions suffer more, can be inherited
  • not considered contagious
48
Q

rosacea diagnosis

A
  • diagnosed from facial blushing/flushing
  • similar to acne but individuals do not have blackheads or white heads typical of acne
49
Q

rosacea treatment

A
  • no cure but can be controlled through finacea (azealic acid), metronidazole cream,. sodium sulfactemide, and topical antibiotics,
  • change of lifestyle; avoid activities that cause flushing like sunlight, extreme hot or cold, etc.
  • redness can be treated through laser surgery
50
Q

acne vulgaris

A

inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles

51
Q

acne vulgaris symptoms

A
  • appearance of paupers, pustules, and comedones
  • deeper, boil-like lesions called nodules can occur
  • scars may develop if the chronic irritation and inflammation continue for a long period
  • acne is found most often on the face but also can occur on the neck, shoulders, chest, and back
52
Q

acne vulgaris etiology

A
  • hormonal changes of adolescence that affect the activity of the sebaceous glands
  • hereditary tendencies also are known to be predisposing factors
  • precipitating factors may include food allergies, endocrine disorders, psychological factors, fatigue, and the use of steroid drugs
  • sebum, an oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands, reaches the skin surface through the hair follicle
  • overproduction of the oil seems to stimulate he follicle walls causing a faster shedding of skin cells
  • cells and sebum to stick together and to form a plug, which promotes the growth of bacteria in the follicles forming pimples
53
Q

acne vulgaris treatment

A
  • topical or systemic antibiotics or both
  • topically applied keratolytic agents may prove appropriate
  • topical application of medications chemically related to vitamin A (tretinoin) reduces the skin’s natural oils and promotes drying and peeling of the acne lesions
  • benzoyl peroxide gels are also effective
  • antibiotics are prescribed to kill bacteria residing on the skin or in the lesions
  • long-term antibiotic use of acne treatment, however, may have side effects
  • for severe acne, isotretinoin may be indicated
  • isotretinoin helps to reduce the amount of sebum the body manufactures
  • low-dose estrogen is prescribed to balance hormone levels
  • optimal results usually are obtained by incorporating medications
  • caution must be taken with the use of isotretinoin due to serious psychological; side effects (depression, psychosis, suicide, WOAH)
  • pregnant/nursing mothers should never take isotretinoin
54
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A

acute inflammatory dermatomal eruption of extremely painful vesicles

55
Q

herpes zoster symptoms

A
  • occurs in bundling unilateral pattern along the course of the peripheral nerves or dermatomes that are affected
  • does not cross the midline of the body
  • pain, often in tingling or burning, begins about 2 or 3 days before the appearance if the lesions and sometimes accompanied by fever
  • eruptions begins a rash that develop into vesicles
  • occasionally occurs on the face, neck, and scalp
  • when nerves supplying the eye are involved, the disease may cause serious damage to the eye structure
56
Q

herpes zoster etiology

A
  • the cause is the herpes varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes chickenpox
  • for unknown reasons, after lying dormant in the dorsal root ganglia, it become reactivated in later years
  • stress appears to be a precipitating factor
57
Q

herpes zoster treatment

A
  • analgesics, midl tranquilizers/sedatives, antipruritics, steroids, and a drying agent to be applied directly to the vesicles made be prescribed
  • acyclovir (Zovirax) used orally, parenterally, or topically also is prescribed and is quite effective
  • her antiviral agents that may be prescribed include famciclovir, valacyclovir, or foscarnet sodium
  • antibiotic therapy may be necessary to prevent a secondary infection
  • if the eye is affected, early treatment with idoxuridine is necessary
  • topical treatment with capsaicin cream may provide relief in some cases
  • when the pain is intolerable, injections of lidocaine and nerve-block agents may be attempted
  • if these steps do not provide relief, permanent nerve blocks via alcohol or nerve resection may be used as a last resort
  • shingles occasionally recurs at later dates
  • most cases resolve within a month
  • common complication for some patients is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)
  • a vaccine for herpes zoster, Zostavax, is now available
58
Q

impetigo

A

common, contagious, superficial skin infection. it manifests with early vesicular or pustular lesions that rupture an form thick yellow crusts

59
Q

impetigo symptoms

A
  • lesions, a honey-coloured crust, usually develop on the legs and are found less often on the face, trunk, and arms
  • small vesicles are surrounded by a circle of reddened skin and usually are accompanied by pruritus
  • adjacent lesions may develop as a result of autoinoculation resulting from scratching, but systemic symptoms are uncommon
  • ulcerations with erythema and scarring also may result from scratching or abrading of the skin
60
Q

impetigo etiology

A
  • impetigo is caused by either streptococcus or staphylococcus aureus
  • the infection is thought to originate from insect bites, scabies infections, poor hygiene, anemia, and malnutrition and impairment in skin integrity related to eczema
61
Q

impetigo treatment

A
  • systemic use of antibiotics and proper cleaning of lesions two or three times a day are affective treatments for impetigo
  • mupirocin ointment or cream along with penicillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, or dicloxacillin are used in treatment
  • avoiding infected individuals is essential
62
Q

furuncles and carbuncles

A

furuncle/boil: pus-containing abscess that involves the entire hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue
carbuncle: an unusually large furuncle or multiple furuncles that develop in adjoining follicles, connected by many drainage canals

63
Q

furuncles and carbuncles symptoms

A
  • furuncles begin as the inflamed hair follicle become infected and the infection extends beyond the follicle
  • the affected area is red, swollen, and painful
  • over several days, the pus-filled abscess either bursts through the skin or, less often, discharges internally
  • in either case, the pain is relieved and the boil heals
  • erythema and edema may persist at the site for several more days or weeks
  • boils are extremely common, they can effect almost everyone
  • carbuncles are much rarer
64
Q

furuncles and carbuncles etiology

A
  • most common cause is bacterial infection with staphylococcus, usually S. aureus
  • both are localized infections and heal by themselves <3
  • predisposing factors include diabetes mellitus, nephritis, immunodeficiency, intravenous drug abuse, and other digestive/gastrointestinal conditions
  • many have no underlying medical disease. inc one cases, that result from poor resistance to infection or poor hygiene
65
Q

furuncles and carbuncles treatment

A
  • applying hot compresses every few hours helps to relieve the discomfort and to hasten the draining
  • surgical incision and draining may be necessary
  • antibiotic treatment also may be needed for several weeks
66
Q

cellulitis

A

an cute, diffuse, bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

67
Q

cellulitis symptoms

A
  • occurs most often in the lower extremities, but any part of he body can be affected
  • clinically, erythema and pitting edema develop and the skin becomes tender and hot to the touch
  • infections develops and spreads gradually over a couple of days
68
Q

cellulitis etiology

A
  • caused by either streptococcus or staphylococcus that enters skin’s surface via a small cut or lesion
  • bacteria produces enzymes that break down soil cells, causing the infection to spread locally
  • enzymes prevent body responses that normally would reduce local spread of infection
69
Q

cellulitis treatment

A
  • affected limb should be immobilized and elevated
  • cool MgSO4 (epsom salt) solution compresses can be used for discomfort
  • warm compresses should be applied to increase circulation to the affected area
  • systemic antibiotics, usually penicillin, are prescribed for the infection
70
Q

dermatophytosis

A

(tinea), a chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin

71
Q

dermatophytosis symptoms

A
  • classified by body region the inhabit
  • lesions are characterized by an active border and ar marked by scaling with central clearing
  • tinea wapitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), tinea unguium (nails), tenia pedis (foot), tenia cruris (groin)
72
Q

decubitus ulcers

A

commonly called a pressure ulcer or bed sore. a localized area of dead skin that can affect. the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers

73
Q

decubitus ulcers symptoms

A
  • an early sign is shiny, reddened skin appearing over a bony prominence in individuals with prolonged immobilization
  • other signs eventually occur including blisters, erosions, necrosis, ulceration
74
Q

decubitus ulcers etiology

A
  • caused by impairment or lack of blood supply to affected area of skin
  • the result of constant pressure against the surface of skin, seen in people who are debilitated, paralyzed, or unconscious
75
Q

decubitus ulcers diagnosis and treatment

A
  • visual examination of the ulcer for diagnosis. if infection suspected, culture and sensitivity may be needed to isolate causative organism
  • topical agent used include absorbable gelatine sponges, granulated sugar, katana gum patches, antiseptic irrigations, debriding agents, and antibiotics
76
Q

pls do mites and lice I can’t bring myself to do it rn IM SO ITCHY

A

<3

77
Q

benign and premalignant tumours

A
  • noncancerous growths
  • benign tumours are usually a cosmetic problem only
  • premalignant must be identified and treated asap before they become cancerous
  • common benign and premalignant tumours include seborrheic kurtosis, dermatofibromas, keratoacanthomas, keloids, and hypertrophic scars, epidermal cysts, acrochordons (skin tags), actinic keratoses, and nevi
78
Q

seborrheic keratosis

A
  • benign growths in epidermis, clinically appearing tan-brown, greasy papule or plaques, looks like they were pasted onto skin
  • usually painless lesions may be black ,brown, yellow, or other colours and can be on face, chest, back, shoulder, or other areas
  • lesions have rough, wart-like texture and may be slightly elevated
  • cause is unknown
79
Q

dermatofibroma

A
  • asymptomatic, can be anywhere but particularly on the front of the lower leg
  • most common in young adults and more common in women
  • lesions thought to be caused by fibre reactions to viral infections
  • can be also caused by insect bites and trauma
  • scaly, hard growths that are slight raised and pinkish brown
80
Q

keratoacanthoma

A
  • benign growth caused by a virus and generally seen in people in their 60s
  • growth s a smooth, red, dome-shaped papule with a central crust that appears single or in many numbers
  • can disappear spontaneously but scarring is common
  • must be differentiated from squamous cell carcinoma
81
Q

keloid and hypertrophic scars

A
  • occurs after trauma or surgery
  • first appears normal, bit after several months, it become noticeably larger and thicker
  • harmless, may cause pain for deformities
  • more common in black-skinned people
  • extend beyond wound site and does not decrease spontaneously
  • hyper-trophic scars, do not extend but stay confided to site and get better overtime
  • can be taken out surgically
82
Q

epidermal (sebaceous) cyst

A
  • when a sebaceous gland slows fills with thick fluid
  • can take many yeas but is usually painless and harmless
  • some small cysts have blackhead in the pore connecting to surface, larger cysts are closed on surface
  • cysts are palpable and movable, range in size
  • commonly found on scalp, face, base of the ears, the chest
83
Q

acrochordon (skin tag)

A
  • benign
  • painless and usually caused by friction, mainly found in axilla (armpit) and inguinal(groin)
  • can be brown or skin-coloured, flat or elevated, attached to body by short stalk
84
Q

actinic keratosis

A
  • common premalignant lesions in sun-exposed parts of the body
  • caused by long-term exposure to UV sunlight, numbers increase with age
  • light-skinned people have higher risk
  • initially appears as an area of rough, vascular skin, later form a yellowish brown with adherent crust
85
Q

skin carcinomas

A
  • skin cancers represent the most common type of malignancy
  • basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer worldwide
  • BCC and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) do not metastasize so they are not included on most cancer registries
  • if left untreated, nonmelanoma skin cancer can be extremely locally destructive and can invade and destroy nerves, lymphatics, blood villes, cartilage, and bone
86
Q

non melanoma skin cancer

A
  • basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
  • affect more than 1 million American each year
  • BCC arises in basal (deepest) layer of epidermis, SCC arises on epithelial (outer) layer
  • BCC and SCC lesions can appear anywhere on the body. Most common sites are sun-exposed areas: face, scalps, ears, back, chest, arms, and back of hands
  • treatment consists of conventional or Mohs surgical excision (90% of cases), cryosurgery, electrodesiccation, curettage, radiation therapy
  • drug therapy can include 5 fluorouracil or other chemotoxics
  • nutritional supplement like vitamins may be given
87
Q

malignant melanoma

A
  • most serious of the three types of skin cancer but not common
  • arises in epidermal melanocytes, cells that make the brown pigment (melanoma)
  • mostly occur as solitary lesions
  • can be found anywhere, most common on backs of men and legs of women
  • most common symptom is change in newly pigmented area of skin or mole that has been present for a long time
88
Q

abnormal skin pigmentation

A
  • skin normally contains special cells (melanocytes) that produce melanin, a black pigment for skin colour
  • ## condition cna causę melanocytes to develop/distribute abnormally, be few in number, or less active than usual
89
Q

albinism

A
  • rare inherited condition when melanocytes are unable to produce melanin
  • patient is pale skinned, white haired, and generally pink or pale blue eyes
  • occurs in all races, usually accompanied with eye problems including: myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, nystagmus, strabismus, photophobia
  • albinism patients should avoid the sun to prevent their eyes and skin form burning
  • no cure but many eye problems can be treated
90
Q

vitiligo

A
  • possibly auto-immune condition
  • produces abnormally pale patches of skin, often located on one side of the body
  • patches can change size
  • can occur on any area and affects all races
  • often follows a stressful incident
  • no cure, but cosmetics can cover affected areas
  • patients should be encouraged to wear sunscreen
91
Q

melasma (chloasma)

A
  • occurs in some women during hormonal changes, such as pregnancy or oral contraceptives use
  • patches of darker skin develop on face, especially cheeks
  • disappears after childbirth or when contraceptive is discontinued
92
Q

hemangiomas

A
  • benign lesions of proliferating blood vessel sin dermis that produce red, blue, or purple colour
  • ex. nevus flames (portwine stain, dark red or purple)
93
Q

nevi (moles)

A
  • small dark area of skin composed of dense collections of melanocytes, some may contain hair
  • occasionally becomes malignant
94
Q

pityriasis

A
  • fungal infection that causes patches of flaky, light, or dark skin to develop on trunk of the body
  • uncommon
95
Q

abnormal suntan

A
  • unspecified adverse after resulting from a proper dry, medicinal, or biologic substance properly administered
  • some drugs and diseases (Addison’s disease) can produce suntan without exposure to sunlight
  • nonperscription depigmenting creams can be used to lighten area
  • vitiligo can be improved by UV lamp treatments and drug therapy
  • pityriasis can be cured by application of anti fungal ointments
  • moles can be removed surgically
  • skin blemishes can be covered with cosmetics
  • laser surgery can be used to treat hemangiomas
96
Q

alopecia

A
  • baldness
  • loss or absence of hair, especially on scalp
97
Q

alopecia symptoms

A
  • temporary or permanent
  • can appear gradually with aging or suddenly with alopecia areata
  • may be a consequence of certain systemic illnesses like thyroid disease, iron deficiency anemia, syphilis, or autoimmune diseases
  • treatment varies depending on cause
  • effective treatment to underlying disease stops it
  • minoxidil preparations can be used topically and sprayed for male baldness
  • finasteride is additional drug therapy but cannot be taken by women who can give birth
98
Q

folliculitis

A

an inflammatory reaction of the hair follicles that produces erythema, pustular lesions

99
Q

folliculitis symptoms

A
  • pustules of folliculitis are individual and do not combine
  • usually found on thighs and buttocks but can occur on beard area or scalp
  • some patient report mild discomfort but is usually asymptomatic
  • relatively common, affects young adults, can be chronic or recurrent
100
Q

folliculitis etiology

A
  • bacterial infections caused by staphylococcus aureus
  • bacteria enters the skin through opening hair follicle and causes low-grade infection within epidermal layer
  • shaving with a straight raze is a common factor
101
Q

folliculitis treatment

A
  • mild cases –> topical antiseptic cleanser les povidone-iodine (betaine)
  • extensive involvement requires a systemic antibiotic, such as erythromycin taken 4 dats for 10 days, or cephalexin taken 2 daily with cleanser
102
Q

corn and calluses

A
  • extremely common, localized hyperplastic area of stratum corner layer of the epidermis
103
Q

corns and calluses symptoms

A
  • corns: glass core, small, less painful, develop on toes
  • calluses: larger, commonly on ball of foot or palms, tenderness and pain over affected area
104
Q

corns and calluses etiology

A
  • both may be due to pressure or friction caused by ill-fitting shoes, orthopaedic deformities, or faulty weight bearing
  • people who play stringed instruments and manual labourers are prone to calluses
  • impaired circulation resulting fro peripheral neuropathy
105
Q

corns and calluses treatment

A
  • pads and sponge rings
  • chemical agents to soften and loosen corns
  • pumice stone to rub off dead skin resulting from calluses
106
Q

verrucae (warts)

A

elevated growths of the epidermis that result from hyperplasia

107
Q

verrucae symptoms

A
  • cutaneous manifestation of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
  • 3 most common: common warts, plantar warts, flat warts
  • common warts: small, hard, white or pink lump with cauliflower-like surface, inside wart are small clotted blood vessel like black splinters
  • verruca can develop anywhere, but most common on hands or soles of feet
  • wart is painless, but a wart on sole (plantar wart) can feel like a stone in shoe
  • pruritus can also accompany a wart
  • most common among teenager and children but no serious health risks
108
Q

verrucae etiology

A
  • caused by viruses and are spread by touch or contact with skin shed from wart
  • each of the types of viruses tend to infect different parts of body
  • most warts disappear naturally over time
109
Q

deformed or discoloured nails

A

nails with any unusual thickening, shape, or color that deviates from normal are classified as deformed or discoloured nails

110
Q

dd nails symptoms

A
  • unusual thickening, color variation, change in shape can be symptoms of an underlying disease or disorder
111
Q

dd nails etiology

A
  • injury to nail bed caused by continuous pressure from ill-fitting shoes or poor circulation caused by arteriosclerosis can lead to thickening
  • nail discolouration is caused by many illnesses
  • vitamin or mineral deficiencies and injury to nail may cause one or more white patches to develop in the nail
112
Q

dd nails treatment

A
  • deformities and discolouration caused by underlying illness resolve when illness is corrected
  • physician can remove in-growing edge of nails and the toe’s nail fold, apply chemical to edge to relieve discomfort and prevent edge from ingrowing again
  • discolouration caused by fungus, lamisil can be prescribed
113
Q

paronychia

A

infection of the skin around a nail

114
Q

paronychia symptoms

A
  • acute parochial, cuticle or nail fold becomes edematous, red, and painful
  • if cuticle lift away from base of nails, purulent material can be expressed
  • when nail fold is affected, blister of pus (whitlow) develops beside nail
  • chronic infections produce similar symptoms, often several nails are affected. when cuticle lifted, nail roots no longer are protected and become damaged
  • produces deformed or discoloured nails
115
Q

paronychia etiology

A
  • infection may be caused by bacteria or fungi
  • bacteria usually cause acute, fungi cause chronic
  • chronic infections develop slowly and less painful but more persistent
  • paronychia occurs particularly in people who have hands in water for long periods
  • antibiotics correct bacterial, if infection chronic, anti fungal cream/paint is prescribed
116
Q
A

HOSA Pathophysiology <3 (6 decks)

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