Body Systems: Integumentary Flashcards
1
Q
integumentary system is comprised of:
A
skin, accessory organs (hair, nails, associated glands)
2
Q
skin
A
- largest organ of human body (17-20 sq ft)
- regulates temp
- receptors sense touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
- aids in excretion of urea and uric acids
- synthesizes vitamin D (thru sunlight exposure)
- protects body from: trauma, infections, damage, toxic chemicals, dehydration
3
Q
3 structural layers of skin
A
- epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous layer
4
Q
epidermis
A
- outer layer of skin
- thin, cellular, multilayered membrane
- responsible for production of keratin (protein for durability + water retention) and melanin (pigment)
5
Q
dermis
A
- middle layer of skin
- dense, fibrous layer of connective tissue
- responsible for strength of collagen and elasticity/flexibility from elastin
- various sensory receptors hat provide info about external environment
- sebaceous glands: oil glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum (omg) to lubricate, moistens skin as well as moderate antibacterial + anti fungal effects
6
Q
subcutaneous layer
A
thick and fat section (adipose tissue) that insulates body against heat loss
7
Q
common symptoms that require med attention
A
- cutaneous lesions/eruptions
- pruritus (itching)
- pain
- edema (swelling)
- erythema (redness)
- inflammation
8
Q
cyanosis
A
blue tint to skin, caused by deficiency of O2 in circulating blood
9
Q
jaundice
A
yellow discolouration of skin and whites of eyes, caused by impaired liver and allows bile to accumulate and stain the skin
10
Q
erythema
A
abnormal redness of skin, caused by increased blood flow and dilated blood vessels close to skin’s surface
11
Q
pallor
A
pale skin, caused by decreased blood flow
12
Q
hematoma
A
bruising, bluish, black or yellow mark on skin indicating breakdown of clotted blood under skin
13
Q
shape and colour of nails provide info:
A
- clubbing or enlargement of ends of nails due to long term O2 deficiency
- pale nails may be a sign of anemia
- flat on conch nail beds may indicate iron deficiency
- cyanosis of nails is the first visible sign of iron deficiency
14
Q
diagnostic procedures include:
A
- microscopic examination of skin scrapings
- cultures, DNA testing, antigens, antibodies may be used to identify causative organism in infectious diseases
15
Q
hypersensitivity skin disorders
A
- complete medical history including prior outbreaks and their location helps identify allergen
- sensitivity or blood testing for antibodies to identify allergen
16
Q
biopsies
A
- used to diagnose benign tumours or skin cancer
17
Q
types of biopsies
A
- punch: round shape knife is rotated through the epidermis/dermis into subcutaneous tissue
- incisional: scalpel is used to make a cut through the epidermis down to subcutaneous tissue
- total excision: removes entire lesion or tumour
18
Q
skin lesions
A
- Macule (freckle): discoloured spot of skin
- wheal (hive): localized elevation of skin and causes itching
- papule (pimple): solid, elevated area on skin. nodule is a large papule
- vesicle (blister): small fluid sac
- pustule: small, elevated lesion filled with pus
- ulcer: area of skin where the surface has eroded
19
Q
dermatitis
A
- inflammation of the skin occurs in many forms, manifested by the pruritus, erythema, and the appearance of various cutaneous lesions
- can be acute, sub acute, or chronic
- family history increase risk
- common types: seborrheic, contact, atopic (eczema me:( ) dermatitis
20
Q
seborrheic dermatitis SS
A
- inflammation of sebaceous/oil glands
- Symptoms & Signs:
- gradual increase in the amount and charge in quality of sebum produced
- inflammation occurs in area with greatest # of sebaceous glands (scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, sides of nose, behind ears, middle of chest)
- affected skin is reddened with yellowish, greasy appearing scales
- occurs at any age but common during infancy (cradle cap)
- occurs at a higher rate in adults with disorder of the central nervous system
21
Q
seborrheic dermatitis patient screening
A
- gradual onset of disease
- increase of irritation
- earliest appointment made
22
Q
seborrheic dermatitis etiology
A
- idiopathic
- emotional stress and hereditary may be precipitating factor
- may be intensified by pityrosporum (yeast-like organism this I normally found on skin in small #)
23
Q
seborrheic dermatitis diagnosis + treatment
A
diagnosis: In rare cases where treatment is unresponsive, skin biopsy may be performed
treatment: low strength cortisone/hydrocortisone cream applied topically to affected area
24
Q
contact dermatitis SS
A
acute inflammation response of skin triggers by an exogenous chemical, substance, or allergen
SS:
- actions of irritant on skin surface or contact with substances that cause an allergic response
- erythema, edema, small vesicles that ooze, itch, burb or sting
25
Q
contact dermatitis patient screening
A
- patient reports itching, burning, stinging
- appointment made at earliest convenience
26
Q
contact dermatitis etiology
A
- many substances may induce this disease
- 3 ways contact dermatitis develops: irritation, sensitization, photoallergy
27
Q
contact dermatitis treatment
A
- after contact with known irritant, thoroughly clean skin surface
- topical application of corticosteroid cream
- oral steroid
- dermatitis can rebound after short Cours steroids
28
Q
contact dermatitis prognosis
A
- varies depending on the amount of skin area involved and likelihood that the irritant can be removed
- therapy is usually positive when combined with removal of irritant
29
Q
contact dermatitis prevention
A
- identification of irritant and contact avoidance
30
Q
atopic dermatitis (eczema)
A
- chronic inflammation of the skin that trends to occur in patients with a family history of allergic conditions
31
Q
atopic dermatitis SS
A
- rash with vesicular and exudative eruptions in children
- dry leathery vesicles in adults
- rash occurs in characteristic pattern on face, neck, elbows, knees, and upper trunk of body is accompanied by pruritus (itchy skin)
- frequently associated with other allergic conditions
32
Q
atopic dermatitis diagnosis
A
- medical history and examination of skin
- skin testing for certain allergies
33
Q
atopic dermatitis treatment
A
- reducing frequency and severity of eruptions
may be treated with skin moisturizers, sunlight therapy, vitamin D, or calcipotriene - no medications can eliminate
- topical ointments or creams contain cortisone derivative are primary treatment
- non steroids anti-inflammatory agents Protopic and elides are prescribed to specifically treat it
- secondary viral/bacterial infections can result
- antibiotics for secondary infections
34
Q
atopic dermatitis prognosis
A
- reducing frequency and severity of eruptions and itching
- medications are prescribed to control the itch-scratching cycle
35
Q
urticaria (hives)
A
associated with severe itching following the appearance of redness and an area of swelling(wheal) in localized area of skin
36
Q
urticaria SS
A
- hives of various sizes can erupt as a few lemons anywhere on skins and area usually scattered
- in gastrointestinal involvement, patient complains about abdominal colic
- if hives develop in pharyngeal mucosa, airway can be obstructed and lead to asphyxiation
- if swelling involves deeper tissues, condition is called angioedema and is more serious
- urticaria is usually common, acute, and short
- hives can continue over months or years to become a chronic condition
37
Q
urticaria patient screening
A
- gives can develop into life-threatening situation if they involve respiratory system
- cutaneous symptoms may make patients very uncomfortable
38
Q
urticaria etiology
A
- affected dermis and results form an acute hypersensitivity and release of histamine
- causes localized inflammation and vasodilation of capillaries with substantial edema
- common causes are allergic reactions
39
Q
urticaria diagnosis
A
- visual inspection
- patient history of exposure to allergens
- sensitivity testing and blood tests for antibodies help identity irritant/allergen
40
Q
urticaria treatment
A
- is possible, remove allergen
- antihistamines bring quick relief
- injection of epinephrine in severe cases (epipen)
- in persistent cases, a Corus of prednisone or methylprednisolone os therapeutic. variety of corticosteroid topical drug is used
- if exposed to allergen again, reaction will occur even after medication
41
Q
psoriasis
A
an inflammatory chronic recurrent skin condition marked by thick, flaky, red patches of various sizes, covered with characteristic white and silvery scales
42
Q
psoriasis SS
A
- scales develop into dry plaques that can progress to pustules
- affected skin is dry, cracked, encrusted
- common areas are scalp, outer arms and legs, labor and knees, trunk of body
- psoriasis plaques can develop in area of physical trauma (koebner phenomenon)
- most common between 10-30 years old
- noninfectious and doesn’t really affect general health
43
Q
psoriasis etiology
A
- cause is unknown but seems to be hereditary
- may be an autoimmune disorder
- more common in white race
- causes can be: hormonal changes, climate changes, emotional stress, period of generally poor health
- some drugs )lithium, beta-blockers, NSAIDS are suspected of exacerbating psoriasis
44
Q
psoriasis treatment
A
- goal is to reduce inflammation nd slow rapid growth of affected skin cells
- skin should be kept moist and lubricated
- options include: UV light, psoralen medication, topical steroids, can tar or retinoid applications, low-dosage antihistamines, oatmeal baths
45
Q
rosacea
A
chronic inflammatory disorder of the facial skin, causes redness, primarily in area that blush or flush
46
Q
rosacea symptoms
A
- increasing redness after dryness and pimples
- small blood vessel of the cheeks and face enlarge and are visible
- small knobby bumps appear on nose, mostly in males
- ocular rosacea is an inflammatory eye condition and is rarer (blood vessel inflamed, eyelids red and swollen, burning or gritty feeling in eyes)
47
Q
rosacea etiology
A
- possible correlation with frequency of blushing or flushing
- lighter complexions suffer more, can be inherited
- not considered contagious
48
Q
rosacea diagnosis
A
- diagnosed from facial blushing/flushing
- similar to acne but individuals do not have blackheads or white heads typical of acne
49
Q
rosacea treatment
A
- no cure but can be controlled through finacea (azealic acid), metronidazole cream,. sodium sulfactemide, and topical antibiotics,
- change of lifestyle; avoid activities that cause flushing like sunlight, extreme hot or cold, etc.
- redness can be treated through laser surgery
50
Q
acne vulgaris
A
inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles
51
Q
acne vulgaris symptoms
A
- appearance of paupers, pustules, and comedones
- deeper, boil-like lesions called nodules can occur
- scars may develop if the chronic irritation and inflammation continue for a long period
- acne is found most often on the face but also can occur on the neck, shoulders, chest, and back
52
Q
acne vulgaris etiology
A
- hormonal changes of adolescence that affect the activity of the sebaceous glands
- hereditary tendencies also are known to be predisposing factors
- precipitating factors may include food allergies, endocrine disorders, psychological factors, fatigue, and the use of steroid drugs
- sebum, an oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands, reaches the skin surface through the hair follicle
- overproduction of the oil seems to stimulate he follicle walls causing a faster shedding of skin cells
- cells and sebum to stick together and to form a plug, which promotes the growth of bacteria in the follicles forming pimples
53
Q
acne vulgaris treatment
A
- topical or systemic antibiotics or both
- topically applied keratolytic agents may prove appropriate
- topical application of medications chemically related to vitamin A (tretinoin) reduces the skin’s natural oils and promotes drying and peeling of the acne lesions
- benzoyl peroxide gels are also effective
- antibiotics are prescribed to kill bacteria residing on the skin or in the lesions
- long-term antibiotic use of acne treatment, however, may have side effects
- for severe acne, isotretinoin may be indicated
- isotretinoin helps to reduce the amount of sebum the body manufactures
- low-dose estrogen is prescribed to balance hormone levels
- optimal results usually are obtained by incorporating medications
- caution must be taken with the use of isotretinoin due to serious psychological; side effects (depression, psychosis, suicide, WOAH)
- pregnant/nursing mothers should never take isotretinoin
54
Q
herpes zoster (shingles)
A
acute inflammatory dermatomal eruption of extremely painful vesicles
55
Q
herpes zoster symptoms
A
- occurs in bundling unilateral pattern along the course of the peripheral nerves or dermatomes that are affected
- does not cross the midline of the body
- pain, often in tingling or burning, begins about 2 or 3 days before the appearance if the lesions and sometimes accompanied by fever
- eruptions begins a rash that develop into vesicles
- occasionally occurs on the face, neck, and scalp
- when nerves supplying the eye are involved, the disease may cause serious damage to the eye structure
56
Q
herpes zoster etiology
A
- the cause is the herpes varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes chickenpox
- for unknown reasons, after lying dormant in the dorsal root ganglia, it become reactivated in later years
- stress appears to be a precipitating factor
57
Q
herpes zoster treatment
A
- analgesics, midl tranquilizers/sedatives, antipruritics, steroids, and a drying agent to be applied directly to the vesicles made be prescribed
- acyclovir (Zovirax) used orally, parenterally, or topically also is prescribed and is quite effective
- her antiviral agents that may be prescribed include famciclovir, valacyclovir, or foscarnet sodium
- antibiotic therapy may be necessary to prevent a secondary infection
- if the eye is affected, early treatment with idoxuridine is necessary
- topical treatment with capsaicin cream may provide relief in some cases
- when the pain is intolerable, injections of lidocaine and nerve-block agents may be attempted
- if these steps do not provide relief, permanent nerve blocks via alcohol or nerve resection may be used as a last resort
- shingles occasionally recurs at later dates
- most cases resolve within a month
- common complication for some patients is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)
- a vaccine for herpes zoster, Zostavax, is now available
58
Q
impetigo
A
common, contagious, superficial skin infection. it manifests with early vesicular or pustular lesions that rupture an form thick yellow crusts
59
Q
impetigo symptoms
A
- lesions, a honey-coloured crust, usually develop on the legs and are found less often on the face, trunk, and arms
- small vesicles are surrounded by a circle of reddened skin and usually are accompanied by pruritus
- adjacent lesions may develop as a result of autoinoculation resulting from scratching, but systemic symptoms are uncommon
- ulcerations with erythema and scarring also may result from scratching or abrading of the skin
60
Q
impetigo etiology
A
- impetigo is caused by either streptococcus or staphylococcus aureus
- the infection is thought to originate from insect bites, scabies infections, poor hygiene, anemia, and malnutrition and impairment in skin integrity related to eczema
61
Q
impetigo treatment
A
- systemic use of antibiotics and proper cleaning of lesions two or three times a day are affective treatments for impetigo
- mupirocin ointment or cream along with penicillin, cephalexin, erythromycin, or dicloxacillin are used in treatment
- avoiding infected individuals is essential
62
Q
furuncles and carbuncles
A
furuncle/boil: pus-containing abscess that involves the entire hair follicle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue
carbuncle: an unusually large furuncle or multiple furuncles that develop in adjoining follicles, connected by many drainage canals
63
Q
furuncles and carbuncles symptoms
A
- furuncles begin as the inflamed hair follicle become infected and the infection extends beyond the follicle
- the affected area is red, swollen, and painful
- over several days, the pus-filled abscess either bursts through the skin or, less often, discharges internally
- in either case, the pain is relieved and the boil heals
- erythema and edema may persist at the site for several more days or weeks
- boils are extremely common, they can effect almost everyone
- carbuncles are much rarer
64
Q
furuncles and carbuncles etiology
A
- most common cause is bacterial infection with staphylococcus, usually S. aureus
- both are localized infections and heal by themselves <3
- predisposing factors include diabetes mellitus, nephritis, immunodeficiency, intravenous drug abuse, and other digestive/gastrointestinal conditions
- many have no underlying medical disease. inc one cases, that result from poor resistance to infection or poor hygiene
65
Q
furuncles and carbuncles treatment
A
- applying hot compresses every few hours helps to relieve the discomfort and to hasten the draining
- surgical incision and draining may be necessary
- antibiotic treatment also may be needed for several weeks
66
Q
cellulitis
A
an cute, diffuse, bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
67
Q
cellulitis symptoms
A
- occurs most often in the lower extremities, but any part of he body can be affected
- clinically, erythema and pitting edema develop and the skin becomes tender and hot to the touch
- infections develops and spreads gradually over a couple of days
68
Q
cellulitis etiology
A
- caused by either streptococcus or staphylococcus that enters skin’s surface via a small cut or lesion
- bacteria produces enzymes that break down soil cells, causing the infection to spread locally
- enzymes prevent body responses that normally would reduce local spread of infection
69
Q
cellulitis treatment
A
- affected limb should be immobilized and elevated
- cool MgSO4 (epsom salt) solution compresses can be used for discomfort
- warm compresses should be applied to increase circulation to the affected area
- systemic antibiotics, usually penicillin, are prescribed for the infection
70
Q
dermatophytosis
A
(tinea), a chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin
71
Q
dermatophytosis symptoms
A
- classified by body region the inhabit
- lesions are characterized by an active border and ar marked by scaling with central clearing
- tinea wapitis (scalp), tinea corporis (body), tinea unguium (nails), tenia pedis (foot), tenia cruris (groin)
72
Q
decubitus ulcers
A
commonly called a pressure ulcer or bed sore. a localized area of dead skin that can affect. the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers
73
Q
decubitus ulcers symptoms
A
- an early sign is shiny, reddened skin appearing over a bony prominence in individuals with prolonged immobilization
- other signs eventually occur including blisters, erosions, necrosis, ulceration
74
Q
decubitus ulcers etiology
A
- caused by impairment or lack of blood supply to affected area of skin
- the result of constant pressure against the surface of skin, seen in people who are debilitated, paralyzed, or unconscious
75
Q
decubitus ulcers diagnosis and treatment
A
- visual examination of the ulcer for diagnosis. if infection suspected, culture and sensitivity may be needed to isolate causative organism
- topical agent used include absorbable gelatine sponges, granulated sugar, katana gum patches, antiseptic irrigations, debriding agents, and antibiotics
76
Q
pls do mites and lice I can’t bring myself to do it rn IM SO ITCHY
A
<3
77
Q
benign and premalignant tumours
A
- noncancerous growths
- benign tumours are usually a cosmetic problem only
- premalignant must be identified and treated asap before they become cancerous
- common benign and premalignant tumours include seborrheic kurtosis, dermatofibromas, keratoacanthomas, keloids, and hypertrophic scars, epidermal cysts, acrochordons (skin tags), actinic keratoses, and nevi
78
Q
seborrheic keratosis
A
- benign growths in epidermis, clinically appearing tan-brown, greasy papule or plaques, looks like they were pasted onto skin
- usually painless lesions may be black ,brown, yellow, or other colours and can be on face, chest, back, shoulder, or other areas
- lesions have rough, wart-like texture and may be slightly elevated
- cause is unknown
79
Q
dermatofibroma
A
- asymptomatic, can be anywhere but particularly on the front of the lower leg
- most common in young adults and more common in women
- lesions thought to be caused by fibre reactions to viral infections
- can be also caused by insect bites and trauma
- scaly, hard growths that are slight raised and pinkish brown
80
Q
keratoacanthoma
A
- benign growth caused by a virus and generally seen in people in their 60s
- growth s a smooth, red, dome-shaped papule with a central crust that appears single or in many numbers
- can disappear spontaneously but scarring is common
- must be differentiated from squamous cell carcinoma
81
Q
keloid and hypertrophic scars
A
- occurs after trauma or surgery
- first appears normal, bit after several months, it become noticeably larger and thicker
- harmless, may cause pain for deformities
- more common in black-skinned people
- extend beyond wound site and does not decrease spontaneously
- hyper-trophic scars, do not extend but stay confided to site and get better overtime
- can be taken out surgically
82
Q
epidermal (sebaceous) cyst
A
- when a sebaceous gland slows fills with thick fluid
- can take many yeas but is usually painless and harmless
- some small cysts have blackhead in the pore connecting to surface, larger cysts are closed on surface
- cysts are palpable and movable, range in size
- commonly found on scalp, face, base of the ears, the chest
83
Q
acrochordon (skin tag)
A
- benign
- painless and usually caused by friction, mainly found in axilla (armpit) and inguinal(groin)
- can be brown or skin-coloured, flat or elevated, attached to body by short stalk
84
Q
actinic keratosis
A
- common premalignant lesions in sun-exposed parts of the body
- caused by long-term exposure to UV sunlight, numbers increase with age
- light-skinned people have higher risk
- initially appears as an area of rough, vascular skin, later form a yellowish brown with adherent crust
85
Q
skin carcinomas
A
- skin cancers represent the most common type of malignancy
- basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer worldwide
- BCC and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) do not metastasize so they are not included on most cancer registries
- if left untreated, nonmelanoma skin cancer can be extremely locally destructive and can invade and destroy nerves, lymphatics, blood villes, cartilage, and bone
86
Q
non melanoma skin cancer
A
- basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
- affect more than 1 million American each year
- BCC arises in basal (deepest) layer of epidermis, SCC arises on epithelial (outer) layer
- BCC and SCC lesions can appear anywhere on the body. Most common sites are sun-exposed areas: face, scalps, ears, back, chest, arms, and back of hands
- treatment consists of conventional or Mohs surgical excision (90% of cases), cryosurgery, electrodesiccation, curettage, radiation therapy
- drug therapy can include 5 fluorouracil or other chemotoxics
- nutritional supplement like vitamins may be given
87
Q
malignant melanoma
A
- most serious of the three types of skin cancer but not common
- arises in epidermal melanocytes, cells that make the brown pigment (melanoma)
- mostly occur as solitary lesions
- can be found anywhere, most common on backs of men and legs of women
- most common symptom is change in newly pigmented area of skin or mole that has been present for a long time
88
Q
abnormal skin pigmentation
A
- skin normally contains special cells (melanocytes) that produce melanin, a black pigment for skin colour
- ## condition cna causę melanocytes to develop/distribute abnormally, be few in number, or less active than usual
89
Q
albinism
A
- rare inherited condition when melanocytes are unable to produce melanin
- patient is pale skinned, white haired, and generally pink or pale blue eyes
- occurs in all races, usually accompanied with eye problems including: myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, nystagmus, strabismus, photophobia
- albinism patients should avoid the sun to prevent their eyes and skin form burning
- no cure but many eye problems can be treated
90
Q
vitiligo
A
- possibly auto-immune condition
- produces abnormally pale patches of skin, often located on one side of the body
- patches can change size
- can occur on any area and affects all races
- often follows a stressful incident
- no cure, but cosmetics can cover affected areas
- patients should be encouraged to wear sunscreen
91
Q
melasma (chloasma)
A
- occurs in some women during hormonal changes, such as pregnancy or oral contraceptives use
- patches of darker skin develop on face, especially cheeks
- disappears after childbirth or when contraceptive is discontinued
92
Q
hemangiomas
A
- benign lesions of proliferating blood vessel sin dermis that produce red, blue, or purple colour
- ex. nevus flames (portwine stain, dark red or purple)
93
Q
nevi (moles)
A
- small dark area of skin composed of dense collections of melanocytes, some may contain hair
- occasionally becomes malignant
94
Q
pityriasis
A
- fungal infection that causes patches of flaky, light, or dark skin to develop on trunk of the body
- uncommon
95
Q
abnormal suntan
A
- unspecified adverse after resulting from a proper dry, medicinal, or biologic substance properly administered
- some drugs and diseases (Addison’s disease) can produce suntan without exposure to sunlight
- nonperscription depigmenting creams can be used to lighten area
- vitiligo can be improved by UV lamp treatments and drug therapy
- pityriasis can be cured by application of anti fungal ointments
- moles can be removed surgically
- skin blemishes can be covered with cosmetics
- laser surgery can be used to treat hemangiomas
96
Q
alopecia
A
- baldness
- loss or absence of hair, especially on scalp
97
Q
alopecia symptoms
A
- temporary or permanent
- can appear gradually with aging or suddenly with alopecia areata
- may be a consequence of certain systemic illnesses like thyroid disease, iron deficiency anemia, syphilis, or autoimmune diseases
- treatment varies depending on cause
- effective treatment to underlying disease stops it
- minoxidil preparations can be used topically and sprayed for male baldness
- finasteride is additional drug therapy but cannot be taken by women who can give birth
98
Q
folliculitis
A
an inflammatory reaction of the hair follicles that produces erythema, pustular lesions
99
Q
folliculitis symptoms
A
- pustules of folliculitis are individual and do not combine
- usually found on thighs and buttocks but can occur on beard area or scalp
- some patient report mild discomfort but is usually asymptomatic
- relatively common, affects young adults, can be chronic or recurrent
100
Q
folliculitis etiology
A
- bacterial infections caused by staphylococcus aureus
- bacteria enters the skin through opening hair follicle and causes low-grade infection within epidermal layer
- shaving with a straight raze is a common factor
101
Q
folliculitis treatment
A
- mild cases –> topical antiseptic cleanser les povidone-iodine (betaine)
- extensive involvement requires a systemic antibiotic, such as erythromycin taken 4 dats for 10 days, or cephalexin taken 2 daily with cleanser
102
Q
corn and calluses
A
- extremely common, localized hyperplastic area of stratum corner layer of the epidermis
103
Q
corns and calluses symptoms
A
- corns: glass core, small, less painful, develop on toes
- calluses: larger, commonly on ball of foot or palms, tenderness and pain over affected area
104
Q
corns and calluses etiology
A
- both may be due to pressure or friction caused by ill-fitting shoes, orthopaedic deformities, or faulty weight bearing
- people who play stringed instruments and manual labourers are prone to calluses
- impaired circulation resulting fro peripheral neuropathy
105
Q
corns and calluses treatment
A
- pads and sponge rings
- chemical agents to soften and loosen corns
- pumice stone to rub off dead skin resulting from calluses
106
Q
verrucae (warts)
A
elevated growths of the epidermis that result from hyperplasia
107
Q
verrucae symptoms
A
- cutaneous manifestation of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
- 3 most common: common warts, plantar warts, flat warts
- common warts: small, hard, white or pink lump with cauliflower-like surface, inside wart are small clotted blood vessel like black splinters
- verruca can develop anywhere, but most common on hands or soles of feet
- wart is painless, but a wart on sole (plantar wart) can feel like a stone in shoe
- pruritus can also accompany a wart
- most common among teenager and children but no serious health risks
108
Q
verrucae etiology
A
- caused by viruses and are spread by touch or contact with skin shed from wart
- each of the types of viruses tend to infect different parts of body
- most warts disappear naturally over time
109
Q
deformed or discoloured nails
A
nails with any unusual thickening, shape, or color that deviates from normal are classified as deformed or discoloured nails
110
Q
dd nails symptoms
A
- unusual thickening, color variation, change in shape can be symptoms of an underlying disease or disorder
111
Q
dd nails etiology
A
- injury to nail bed caused by continuous pressure from ill-fitting shoes or poor circulation caused by arteriosclerosis can lead to thickening
- nail discolouration is caused by many illnesses
- vitamin or mineral deficiencies and injury to nail may cause one or more white patches to develop in the nail
112
Q
dd nails treatment
A
- deformities and discolouration caused by underlying illness resolve when illness is corrected
- physician can remove in-growing edge of nails and the toe’s nail fold, apply chemical to edge to relieve discomfort and prevent edge from ingrowing again
- discolouration caused by fungus, lamisil can be prescribed
113
Q
paronychia
A
infection of the skin around a nail
114
Q
paronychia symptoms
A
- acute parochial, cuticle or nail fold becomes edematous, red, and painful
- if cuticle lift away from base of nails, purulent material can be expressed
- when nail fold is affected, blister of pus (whitlow) develops beside nail
- chronic infections produce similar symptoms, often several nails are affected. when cuticle lifted, nail roots no longer are protected and become damaged
- produces deformed or discoloured nails
115
Q
paronychia etiology
A
- infection may be caused by bacteria or fungi
- bacteria usually cause acute, fungi cause chronic
- chronic infections develop slowly and less painful but more persistent
- paronychia occurs particularly in people who have hands in water for long periods
- antibiotics correct bacterial, if infection chronic, anti fungal cream/paint is prescribed
116
Q
A
