Body Systems (CMBC) Flashcards
cells
building blocks of the body
integumentary system
includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve receptors
study of the skin
dermatology
dermatologists
doctors who study conditions of the skin
3 layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue
functions of the skin
waterproofing, protecting, sensing, sythesizing vitamin D, secreting oil, regulating body temperature
pigments that contribute to skin color
melanin and carotene
acne vulgaris
chronic inflammatory disease caused by overproduction of sebum around the root of hair in the follicle
characterized by pustule eruptions
stages of hair growth
early anagen, anagen, catagen, and telogen
seborrhea
overactivity of the sebacous glands, when infected it is termed seborrheic dermatitis
seborrheic keratosis
benign skin growth, waxy in appearance, vary in color from light tan to black
myofibril
muscle fibers form by long, slender cells, grouped together by tough connective tissue
fascia
tough connective tissue that groups muscle cells together
endomysium
connective tissue, which surrounds individual muscle fibers and contains the vessels and nerves that supply the muscle fibers
perimysium
the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers
epimysium
a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle, forms the tendon
sarcolemma
also called the myolemma, is the cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fiber
fascicle
a bundle of structures, such as nerve or muscle fibers
3 kinds of muscle fibers
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
skeletal muscle fibers
form the skeletal muscles
cardiac muscle fibers
form the heart muscle, aka: myocardial muscle
smooth muscle fibers
form the smooth muscles of the body, typically seen in organs and blood vessels
tendons
attach muscles to bones
origin
the bone attachment point closest to the body at the immovable end
insertion
the bone attachment point at the movable end
fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia
fibromyalgia
chronic condition, fatigue, extreme weakness, pain of muscle, joints, and bone
tendonitis
inflammation of the tendon, caused by excessive or unusual use
chronic fatigue syndrome
disorder affecting many body systems, characterized by fatigue, extreme weakness, and pain in muscle, joints, and bone
muscle tone
state of balance of muscle tension through contraction and relaxation, impacts balance, posture, and movement
atonic
lack of normal muslce tone and strength
dystonia
abnormal muscle tone that interferes with normal muscle functions
hypotonia
diminishing of skeletal muscles, limiting passive movement
myasthenia gravis
chronic autoimmune disease affecting neuromuscular junction, the place where the neuron activates the muscle to contract
carpal tunnel syndrome
over use of the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel, becoming inflamed and swollen
carpal tunnel
narrow passage through the bone in the inner side of the wrist area under the carpal ligament
sprain
injury to a joint caused by a wrenching or tearing fo the ligament in the joint
strain
injury to a muscle or the attached tendons usually associated with overuse, stretching, or tearing of the muscle or tendon
tendonitis
inflammation of a specific tendon caused by overuse or severe stretching
it band syndrome (ITBS)
casued by overuse whe the IT band (iliotibial band) rubs across the bone, often occurs near the knee
shin splints
condition where the muscle tears away from the tibia or shin bone, typically due to repeated stress on hard surfaces such as running or jumping
atrophy
wearing away of the muscle fibers due to disuse causing fatigue and weakness
myalgia
muscle pain and tenderness
myolysis
degeneration or breakdown of the muscle tissue
polymyositis
muscle disease causing inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in parts of the body, typically those closest to the trunk
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass, strength, and funtion that come with aging
muscular dystrophy
group of over 30 genetic diseases causing progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles
paralysis
loss of both sensation and voluntary muscle movement due to damage of the nerves controlling the muscles
myoparesis
slight muscle paralysis or muscle weakness
hemiparesis
slight muscle paralysis or muscle weaness occurring on only one side of the body
hemiplegia
total paralysis on one side of the body
paraplegia
complete paralysis of the lower part of the body and legs
quadriplegia
complete paralysis of the upper and lower extremities and body
compartment syndrome
compression of nerves and blood vessels caused by swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia separating groups of muscles
overuse injuries
tissue injuries that do not have time to rest and heal
skeletal system
made up of 206 bones
joined together with ligaments
work with muscles for movement
axial skeletal system
composed of the bones of the skull, spinal column, hyoid bone, middle ear (ossicles), and bones of the rib cage
appendicular skeletal system
the 126 bones of the upper and lower appendages
spinal column
made up of vertebrae, protects the spinal nerves of the nervous system
cervical vertebrae
C1-C7: first 7 vertebrae protecting the cervical spinal nerves of the neck
thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12: 12 vertebrae protecting the spinal nerves of the thorax
lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5: 5 vertebrae protecting the spinal nerves of the lumbar region
sacrum
slightly curved triangular bony structure of the lower back, 5 vertebrae fused together
coccyx
aka: tail bone, formed by 3 to 5 vertebrae fused together
fibrous joints
inflexible layers of dense connective tissue holding the bones eightly together (joints of the skull are called sutures)
cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and connect bones with cartilages
synovial joints
where two bones connect for range of motion, contain a synovial capsule, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid for lubrication
ball and socket joints
in the hips and shoulders
hinge joints
at the knees and elbows
ligaments
connect bone to bone or join cartilage to bone
bursa
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas where there is a lot of friction
endocrine system
produces hormones what maintain homeostasis in the body
