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CPT 2024 > Body Systems, Blood Pressure, Muscles > Flashcards

Body Systems, Blood Pressure, Muscles Flashcards

CPT 2024 Exam

1
Q

What are the three most important organ systems in the body

A
  1. Nervous Sytem
  2. Muscular System
  3. Skeletal System
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2
Q

What is the Nervous System composed of?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord and Nerves

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3
Q

What are the two main systems in the Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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4
Q

What is the Central Nervous System Responsible for

A

Receiving sensory input and functions to organize, analyze and process information

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5
Q

What is the Peripheral System Responsible for

A

Conveying motor commands, carrying sensory information to the CNS and regulating involuntary functions

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6
Q

What type of Neurons is the PNS comprised of

A

Efferent Neurons (Motor) and Afferent Neurons (Sensory)

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7
Q

What are Afferent Neurons

A

Sensory Neurons sending information from a stimulus to the CNS (Afferent signals Arrive at CNS)

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8
Q

What are Efferent Neurons

A

Motor Neurons sending information from the CNS to the muscles to generate movement (Efferent signals Exit the CNS)

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9
Q

Motor Neurons breakdown into two different nervous systems

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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10
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System

A

The part of the NS in charge of controlling voluntary movements

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11
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System

A

The part of the NS responsible for involuntary functions and movements

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12
Q

Autonomic Nervous system is comprised of what

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System

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13
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

The autonomic system responsible for ‘Rest & Digest’

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14
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The autonomic system responsible for ‘ Fight or Flight’

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15
Q

What is the All-Or-None Principle

A

All recruited motor neurons fire at a maximal strength, regardless of the number recruited - the neural electrical signal is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus

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16
Q

What are Alpha Motor Neurons

A

Motor neurons originating in the brain stem and spinal cord that initiate muscle contraction

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17
Q

What is Motor Function

A

When sensory input has been integrated by the CNS, efferent signals are sent to the tissues of the body to generate a muscle contraction or secrete a hormone

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18
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

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19
Q

What is the Muscular System

A

Under control of the motor neurons it includes 3 different types of muscle tissues and 600 named muscles

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20
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues

A

Cardiac, Smooth and Skeletal

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21
Q

What is Cardiac Muscle tissue

A

Involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart, it does not fatigue easily

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22
Q

What is Smooth Muscle tissue

A

Muscle tissue found in the gut and internal organs that is involuntary controlled

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23
Q

What is Skeletal Muscle tissue

A

The voluntary muscles attached to bones via tendons that produce human movementW

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24
Q

What 4 types of tissues is the Skeletal Muscle tissue made of

A

Muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue and vascular tissue

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25
What makes up a muscle
Muscle fibers and individual cells
26
What is Sarcoplasm
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber which contains oxygen, binding proteins and glycogen
27
What is Glycogen
The stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles
28
What is a myofibril
Filaments that form muscle, it is organized like a chain
29
What two proteins are in the Myofibril
Actin and Myosin
30
What two proteins are responsible for muscle contraction
Actin and Myosin
31
What is Actin
Thin filaments of the muscle myofilament, where myosin binds to contract the muscles
32
What is Myosin
Thick filaments of the muscle myofilament, where actin binds to contract the muscles
33
What is a Sacomere
The contractile unit of a muscle tissue
34
At the molecular level, what three elements are exchanged for muscle contraction
Calcium, Sodium and Potassium
35
What are Tendons
A strong, fibrous cord made of collagen that attaches muscle to bone
36
What is the Sliding Filament Theory
The interaction of Actin and Myosin that describes the process of muscle contraction
37
What is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Main energy molecule in cells
37
What are Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers
Type 1 fibers, high mitochondrial density and myoglobin, red in colour. Aerobic activities. High liability recruitment
37
What are Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers
Type IIA and Type IIX, contract quickly with great force, recruited for high intensity activities requiring strength and power, low/moderate liability recruitment
37
What type of Athletes are dominant in Type 1 Muscle fibers
Cross country runners, triathletes, distance swimmers, cyclists
37
Describe Type IIA muscle fibers
Fast twitch, moderately fatiguable, moderate mitochondrial density, anaerobic activities, pink in colour
37
Describe Type IIX muscle fibers
Fast twitch, fast to fatigue, low mitochondrial density, lower capillary density giving them a white colour.
38
What type of Athletes are dominant in Type IIA / IIX fibers?
Weight lifters, gymnasts, baseball players, paddle
39
What is the Size Principle of Fiber Recruitment (Henneman Principle)
Fibers with a high level of liability are recruited first and those with lower levels of liability are recruited last. Motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates
39
What is a Fusiform Muscle and give an example
Spindle shaped muscle with a large belly. Example; Bicep
40
What is a Convergent Muscle and give an example
Triangular muscle (broad at one end with fibers converging and narrowing on the other end). Example; Pectoralis Major
41
What is a Circular Muscle and give an example
Surrounds external openings of the body. Examples, Sphincters
42
What is a Parallel Muscle and give an example
Fibers running parallel to the axis of the muscle. Example; Sartorius (long thigh muscle)
43
What is a Penniform Muscle
Muscle fibers that run diagonally in respect to the tendon
44
What is a Pennate Muscle
Attached to a central tendon at a diagonal angle
45
What is a Unipennate Muscle and give an example
Muscle fibers extending from one side of a central tendon. Example; Flexor Pollicis Longus (forearm muscle)
46
What is a Bipennate Muscle and give an example
Muscle fibers extending from both sides of a central tendon. Example; Soleus (calf)
47
What is a Multipennate Muscle and give an example
Muscle fibers extending from both sides of multiple central tendons. Example; Deltoid
48
What are the three types of muscle actions
Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric
49
What is Concentric muscle action
The overall shortening of a muscle as it is producing tension
50
What is Eccentric muscle action
The overall lengthening of a muscle as it is producing tension
51
What is Isometric muscle action
No change in the length of a muscle as it produces tension
52
What is the Strength-Shortening Cycle (SSC)
The cycling between the eccentric (stretch) action of a muscle and the concentric (shortening) actions of the same muscle
53
What are the three phases of the SSC (Strength-Shorting Cycle)
1. Eccentric (loading phase) 2. Amoritization (transition phase) 3. Concentric (release phase)
54
What is the Skeletal System
Structure and support for the human body come from the skeleton and its 206 individual bones
55
What is a Joint
An articulation between two bones in the body
56
The human skeleton is divided into two parts, what are they
Axial and Appendicular
57
What consists of the Axial Bones
Bones of the head, trunk and vertebrae (skull, spine and ribs)
58
What consists of the Appendicular Bones
Bones of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and limbs
59
What are the functions of bones
Provide support and protection for organs, produce blood cells, store and release minerals and lipids and provide leverage for movement
60
What are the 5 different types of Bones
Flat, Short, Long, Sesamoid and Irregular
61
What are Flat Bones
Protect internal organs and provide large surface area for muscles to attach. Can be flat, thin and curved
62
What is an example of a flat bone
Ribs, scapula, sternum
63
What are Short Bones
Cube shaped, provide stability and limited amount of movement
64
Examples of a short bone
Carpals (wrists) Tarsals (ankles)
65
What are Long Bones
Support body weight and facilitate movement. Long, wide, cylinder shape
66
Examples of long bones
Femur, radius and ulna
67
What are Sesamoid Bones
Small, round, found in joints and tendons
68
What is an example of a sesamoid bones
Patella (knee cap)
69
What are Irregular Bones
Complex shape, serve a variety of purposes (protecting vital organs)
70
What is an example of an irregular bone
Vertebrae
71
What is Wolff's Law
The explanation for bone adaptions as a result of the loads placed on them. Strength training helps to build stronger bones
72
What are the three types of joints in the body
1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial
73
What is a Fibrous Joint
Connected by dense connective tissue made of collagen. Very little movement.
74
What is a Cartilaginous Joint
Moderately moveable joints made up of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. Primary (growth plates) & Secondary (intervertebral discs)
75
What is a Synovial Joint
The most common and moveable joints, fluid filled (Synovial fluid) joints found between bones that move against one another (knee)
76
What are the 6 types of Synovial joints
1. Ball and socket 2. Saddle 3. Hinge 4. Gliding 5. Pivot 6. Condyloid
77
What is a Ball-and-Socket joint
Wide range of movement in many directions. Example; Shoulder, hip
78
What is a Saddle joint
Like ball-and-socket but they cannot rotate
79
What is a Hinge Joint
Allows for a wide range of movement in one direction
80
What is a Gliding Joint
Two flat bones pressed up against each other
81
What is a Pivot Joint
They rotate around a long axis line that runs parallel to the joint
82
What is a Condyloid Joint
They move in two directions (one primary, second small ROM). Rotation is not allowed.
83
What is the Golgi Tendon Organ
Sensory organ that senses muscle tension and inhibits muscle action (to prevent injury)
84
What is a Muscle Spindle
Sensory organ that senses muscle stretch/lengthening in a muscle and promotes muscle action
85
What is a feedback loop
The return of a systems output as input for a future action
86
What are the three different ligaments
1. Extrinsic 2. Intrinsic 3. Capsular
87
What is an Extrinsic Ligament
Located outside the joint (LCL)
88
What is an Intrinsic Ligament
Located inside the joint (ACL, PCL)
89
What is a Capsular Ligament
Continuous with the joint capsule (MCL)
90
What does Varus mean
An abnormal joint movement away from the midline (bowlegged)
91
What does Valgus mean
An abnormal joint movement towards the midline (knock kneed)
92
What is Pulmonary Circulation
Blood flow between the heart and lungs
93
What is Systemic Circulation
Blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body
94
What is Metabolism
The chemical processes that occur in the body to support life, including converting food into energy
95
What is a Cardiac Cycle
One alternating cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart during one heart beat
96
What is Systole
The heartbeat phase where muscle contraction moves blood from the heart chambers to the arteries --> ventricles contracts
97
What is Diastole
The heartbeat phase where the cardiac muscle relaxes and the heart chamber fills with blood
98
What is considered the pacemaker of the heart
The Sinoatrial (SA) Node - it generates the first electrical signal of a heart beat and stimulates the atria to contract (inside the right atrium)
99
What is Stroke Volume
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction
100
What is Heart Rate (HR)
The number of heartbeats / minute
101
What is a normal resting HR
60 - 100 bpm
102
What is Blood Pressure
A measurement of the force of blood flow within the blood vessels
103
How do you measure blood pressure
Systolic (contract) / Diastolic (relax)
104
What is normal blood pressure
120/80
105
What is Hypotension
Low blood pressure (90/60 or lower)
106
What is Hypertension
High blood pressure (140/90 or higher)
107
What is Atherosclerosis
The thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery
108
What does the Lymphatic system regulate during exercise
Fluid volume and pressure within tissues
109
What is a Lymph
A colourless fluid surrounding tissues that carry white blood cells
110
What are the 3 main functions of the Lymphatic System
Balancing fluids, absorbing fats and fat soluble vitamins and defending against illness
111
What is External Respiration
The exchange of gases between lungs and blood (pulmonary capillary)
112
What is Internal Respiration
The process of diffusing oxygen from blood into interstitual fluid into the cells (systemic capillary)
113
What is Hemoglobin
A protein found in red blood cells, oxygen binds to during internal respiration
114
What is the Endocrine System
Regulates growth, development, homeostasis, reproduction and metabolic activities through hormones
115
What is Type 2 Diabetes
When there is too much blood sugar
116
What is Type 1 Diabetes
An autoimmune reaction - the body attacks cells and pancreas that produces insulin
117
How many Americans have Type 1 Diabetes
5-10%
118
What keeps blood glucose levels in an ideal range
Insulin and Glucagon
119

CPT 2024 (9 decks)

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