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Science > Body Systems > Flashcards

Body Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Body system

A

A group of body cells, organs or structures that work together to perform a particular function

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2
Q

Digestive system order

A

oseophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> pancreas -> liver -> large intestine -> rectum -> anus

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3
Q

Macronutrients

A

Foods needed in larger amounts like protein, vitamins and minerals

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4
Q

Monomers

A

singular nutrients

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5
Q

Polymers

A

complex and include several nutrients

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6
Q

Saccharide

A

term for simple sugar

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7
Q

How are nutrients are absorbed into the body?

A

By diffusion through the villi and over time the nutrients will split between the systems and eventually run out which is why we keep eating

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region with lower concentration

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9
Q

Villi

A

worm like projections that help absorb nutrients by increasing surface area

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

chemical reactions in cells that help to grow, reproduce, respond to stimuli etc.

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11
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

simple molecules are made into complex molecules

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12
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules

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13
Q

Catalysts

A

substances that speed up chemical reactions while using less energy

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14
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that accelerate metabolic reactions (-ase e.g lactase, protease, lipase)

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15
Q

Lock and key metaphor

A

enzyme is the lock and and substrate (a substance that reacts to a specific enzyme) is the key

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16
Q

Structure of respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, diaphragm

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17
Q

Nasal cavity

A

contains fine hair and filters air

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18
Q

Pharynx

A

common pathway for food and air

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19
Q

Epiglottis

A

stops food from going down the trachea

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20
Q

Larynx

A

holds vocal chords

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21
Q

Trachea

A

transports air to lungs

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22
Q

Bronchi

A

branches off trachea to each lung

23
Q

Bronchioles

A

branch off bronchi to alveoli

24
Q

Lungs

A

main muscle of respiration

25
Q

Alveoli

A

air sacs where gas exchange occurs and has one cell thick walls allowing for gas exchange and are moist

26
Q

Diaphragm

A

involuntary muscle that controls breathing

27
Q

Gas exchange

A

where oxygen is moved into the bloodstream for cells to take up and carbon dioxide goes from the bloodstream to lungs to be expelled

28
Q

Circulatory system

A

made up of blood vessels that carry blood away and to the heart. Arteries and veins to. The bloodstream transports oxygen and nutrients across the body and removes waste products like carbon dioxide

29
Q

Blood structure

A

55% plasma, 1% platelets (stops blood loss from clotting) and white blood cells(produced in blood marrow and fights infections), 44% red blood cells

30
Q

Capillaries

A

transport blood across veins to arteries and exchanges oxygen, nutrients and waste

31
Q

Arteries and pulmonary arteries

A

arteries carries oxygenated blood away from the heart but pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood

32
Q

Veins and pulmonary veins

A

veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart but pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood

33
Q

Nervous system

A

controls actions, sense the environment and mainly consist of neurons

34
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system are the brain and spinal chord

35
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system are nerve pathways extending from the CNS to the outer body (communication network)

36
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

function: movement
stimuli: sounds, pressure changes and touch
locations: ears, skin, arteries

37
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

function: chemicals
stimuli: molecules and blood pH
locations: tongue, nose, tissuesT

38
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

function: temperature
stimuli: heat, cold
locations: skin, hypothalamus (keeps body in homeostasis; regulates body temp)

39
Q

Photoreceptor

A

function: light
stimuli: visible light
locations: eyes (retinas)

40
Q

Nociceptor

A

function: pain
stimuli: chemical changes in damaged cells
locations: everywhere, skin

41
Q

Stimulus-response model

A

stimulus -> receptor -> sensory neuron (translates into an electrical signal taking it through a nerve) -> CNS (brain if conscious action and spine if reflex) -> motor neuron (sens signals) effector (muscle/gland that responds) -> response

42
Q

Endocrine system

A

made up of the body’s glands that make hormones and control all biological processes in the body

43
Q

Pituitary gland

A

regulates growth, metabolism and reproduction because it controls other glands and responds to the hypothalamus

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A

constantly check internal conditions, links endocrine and nervous system and sends information to the pituitary gland

45
Q

Thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxin that regulates metabolism and calcitonin that increases blood calcium

46
Q

Parathyroids

A

parathyroid hormone that controls calcium levels

47
Q

Pancreas

A

Stabilizes glucose levels and produces insulin that decreased blood sugar levels, glucagon increases blood sugar and glycogen which is stored sugar in the liver and muscles

48
Q

Adrenal glands

A

prepares for stress, promotes kidney function, controls salt and water balance, stress, metabolism and sexual function. Adrenaline increases blood pressure and heart rate under stress

49
Q

Pineal body

A

regulates sleep and responds to darkness to control sleep and wake up times

50
Q

Homeostasis

A

the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions such as body temperature

51
Q

Homeostasis process

A

stimulus (change in internal or external environment) -> receptor (specialized cells that detect things) -> message (hormonal, or nervous or both) -> effector -> response

52
Q

Positive feedback

A

increases stimulus e.g blood clotting

53
Q

Negative feedback

A

deceases stimulus e.g shivering increases warmth

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