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PA SCHOOL > Body Systems > Flashcards

Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

INTEGUMENTARY

A
  1. provision of a protective barrier from foreign invaders
  2. regulation of body temperature
  3. reception of information through pressure receptors
  4. linings for body cavities and organs
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2
Q

Skin Exam Signs & Symptoms

blue: cyanosis

A

lack of oxygen or profusion of cells

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3
Q

Skin Exam Signs & Symptoms

red: erythema

A

fever, burn, blush or infection

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4
Q

Skin Exam Signs & Symptoms

white: pale

A

anemia

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5
Q

Skin Exam Signs & Symptoms

orange: cirrhosis

A

liver or pancreatic disorder

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6
Q

Skin Exam Signs & Symptoms

gray: ashen

A

serious illness, death

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7
Q

Skin Exam Signs & Symptoms

brown-orange : bronze

A

adrenal problems

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8
Q

purple : ecchymosis

A

bruising or deep tissue injury

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9
Q

Skin Exam Signs & Symptoms

yellow: jaundice

A

bile problems involving liver, gallbladder or pancreas

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10
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

papule

A

small elevation

ex: wart

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11
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

macule

A

flat

ex: freckle

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12
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

vesicle

A

papule with clear fluid

ex: blister; chicken pox

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13
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

pustule

A

papule with pus

ex: pimple, boil

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14
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

nevus

A

brown elevation

ex: mole

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15
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

nodule

A

lump under skin

ex: sebaceous cyst

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16
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

decubitus

A

ulceration

ex: pressure sore

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17
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

avulsion

A

tissue torn out

ex: dog bite

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18
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

excoriation

A

tissue rubbed off

ex: road burn, scrape, rubbing of two skin surfaces

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19
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

laceration

A

cut with clean edges

ex: knife cut

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20
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

fissure

A

torn by use at a site of pressure

ex: rectal fissure

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21
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

tear

A

ragged edges

ex: skin shearing from friction

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22
Q

Common Skin Blemishes

puncture

A

small surface area but deep wound

ex: stab wound

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23
Q

Skin Diseases

dermatitis

A

inflamed, irritated skin

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24
Q

Skin Diseases

eczema

A

erythema, scaling, and itching due to allergic reaction

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25
Q

Skin Diseases

psoriasis

A

overgrowth of epidermis resulting in silvery scales

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26
Q

Skin Diseases

verruca (wart)

A

benign, fleshy tumor caused by virus

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27
Q

Skin Diseases

herpes simplex

A

viral lesions with water vesicles;
type 1 : mouth and nose
type 2 : genitalia

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28
Q

Skin Diseases

tinea pedis (athletes foot)

A

fungus flourishes in warm, moist, dark places; causing scaling, itching and burning to feet and in between toes

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29
Q

tinea cruritis (jock itch)

A

fungus that flourishes in groin and other skin folds; causes burning and redness

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30
Q

Skin Diseases

tinea corporis (ringworm)

A

red lesion in a circular pattern blanched in the center caused by fungus, not a worm

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31
Q

Skin Diseases

impetigo

A

golden crust on oozing lesions, bacterial, spread through direct contact or with personal items like towels or bed clothing

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32
Q

Skin Diseases

furuncle (boil)

A

staph infection in hairy area of body such as groin, neck, or armpit; common in diabetics or those with impaired immunity; needs systemic antibiotic

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33
Q

Skin Diseases

carbuncle

A

group of furuncles

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34
Q

Skin Diseases

basal cell carcinoma

A

shiny pearl-like lesion due to overexposure to sun

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35
Q

Skin Diseases

squamous cell carcinoma

A

reddened patch of skin that will not heal due to overexposure to sun

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36
Q

Skin Diseases

cellulitis

A

common bacterial infection that causes redness, swelling and pain in infected area of skin

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37
Q

Skin Diseases

melanoma

A

large, asymmetrical, dark, malignant mole that swiftly spreads through body, can be terminal

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38
Q

Skin Diseases

burns

A

1st degree: redness such as sunburn
2nd degree: blisters and redness
3rd degree: full thickness damage through skin into nerves and muscles

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39
Q

MUSCULOSKELETAL

A

provide support and enable movement of the body

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40
Q

BONES

A

function as levers for doing work
serve as a storehouse for calcium
the site for manufacturing of red blood cells
protection of soft organs (rib cage/cranium)

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41
Q

BONES

A

made of two types of material:

  • cancellous or spongy bone is a lighter-weight bone composed of meshwork filled with red marrow; often found at the end (epiphysis) of long bones
  • compact bone filled with yellow bone marrow; often found in the shaft (diaphysis) of the long bone
  • entire bone is covered in -periosteum- a thick protective covering
  • Nerves and blood vessels weave into the diaphysis through foramen (holes) and run along fossa (grooves)
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42
Q

Bones

cranium

A

skull

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43
Q

Bones

mandible

A

jaw

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44
Q

Bones

clavicle

A

shoulder

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45
Q

Bones

sternum

A

center bone of rib cage

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46
Q

Bones

humerus

A

proximal arm bone

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47
Q

Bones

radius

A

lateral bone of forearm (thumb)

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48
Q

Bones

ulna

A

medial bone of forearm (pinky)

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49
Q

Bones

carpals

A

connect the distal parts of the ulna and radius to the bases of 5 metacarpal bones

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50
Q

Bones

rib case

A

enclosure that comprises the ribs

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51
Q

Bones

vertebral column

A

bone cavity to protect spinal cord

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52
Q

Bones

ilium

A

pelvis

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53
Q

Bones

radius

A
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54
Q

Bones

metacarpals

A

form the intermediate part of the hand between the phalanges and the carpals of the wrist; forms the connection to the forearm

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55
Q

Bones

phalanges

A

bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot

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56
Q

Bones

femur

A

thigh bone

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57
Q

Bones

patella

A

knee cap

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58
Q

Bones

fibula

A

calf bone

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59
Q

Bones

tibia

A

the shinbone, largest of the two bones in the lower leg

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60
Q

Bones

tarsals

A

cluster of 7 articulating bones in each foot between the end of the tibia and fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus

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61
Q

Bones

metatarsals

A

the bones of the forefoot that connect the distal aspects of the cuneiform (medial, intermediate and lateral) bones and cuboid bone to the base of the five phalanges of the foot.

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62
Q

skeletal system

A

axial skeleton - skull, spinal column, shoulders, and hips (axis of the skeleton)
appendicular skeleton - arms and legs (appendages) hang off axial skeleton

Skeletal muscles are attached to the appendicular skeleton by tendons (overuse and abuse of these muscles can cause tendonitis)

Bones are joined together with ligaments at joints (injuries to ligaments and tendons (strains/sprains) are very painful and slow to heal)

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63
Q

Fractures

open/compound

A

breaks through the skin, will be high risk of osteomyelitis, a severe bone infection.

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64
Q

Fractures

closed/simple

A

bone broken but does not break skin

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65
Q

Fractures

greenstick

A

splinters, bends, or cracks

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66
Q

Fractures

impacted/compacted

A

one piece of bone jammed into another

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67
Q

Fractures

spiral

A

bone twisted with a torturous break

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68
Q

Fractures

comminuted

A

bone breaks into multiple pieces

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69
Q

Fractures

pathological

A

caused by disease process

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70
Q

MUSCLES

A

there are 650 muscles in the body that make up approximately 40% body weight

  • require glucose and oxygen to make energy (ATP) for movement
  • glucose stored as glycogen
  • oxygen stored as myoglobin
  • skeletal muscle is a striated muscle (banded) tissue composed of two proteins
    - actin : light and thin
    - myosin: dark and heavy
  • In the presence of CALCIUM, sticky points of the ACTIN are uncovered and oar-like attachments from the MYOSIN are drawn to the points with the assistance of ATP, causing the muscle to CONTRACT
  • we need muscles to move and maintain body temperature
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71
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

osteoporosis

A

decreased bone mass that often occurs in middle-aged women

treatment: hormone replacement therapy, increased calcium, weight-bearing exercise, weight loss

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72
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

scoliosis

A

deviation of spine to side

treatment: brace; surgery

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73
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

lordosis

A

excessive curvature of lumbar spine (swayback)

treatment: surgery

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74
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

kyphosis

A

excessive curvature of thoracic spine (hunchback)

treatment: bracing

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75
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

osteoarthritis

A

wear and tear on joints causing pain, stiffness, swelling

treatment: medical treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, assistive devices, exercise, joint replacement

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76
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

rheumatoid arthritis

A

stiffness, swelling, and pain in joint due to autoimmune disorder

treatment: medical treatment and drug therapy, acupuncture

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77
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

bursitis

A

swelling of the fluid sac cushioning joint

treatment: avoiding pressure on joints, medication, aspiration

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78
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

gout

A

collection of uric acid crystals in joint causing pain and swelling

treatment: low-purine diet, allopurinol

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79
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

muscular dystrophy

A

hereditary; poorly developed muscles

treatment: physical therapy; braces

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80
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

torticollis (wry neck)

A

spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

treatment: heat, antispasmodic drugs, physical therapy

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81
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

atrophy

A

wasting of muscle

treatment: exercise or range of motion exercise

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82
Q

Musculoskeletal System Diseases

cleft palate

A

congenital deformity in roof of mouth due to failure of maxillary bone to fuse

treatment: surgery

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83
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

divided into two systems
- PERIPHERAL : consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord - forms the communication network between the CNS and the body parts - picks up information from the environment and causes a response

1. input from environment travels via the nervous tissue to the spinal cord and on to the brain. 
2. an action potential is sent back via spinal cord to nerves that trigger the muscle to move.

At times this path is altered : information that is needed quickly may be processed in the spinal cord what is called : a reflux arc

Nerve impulses are passed from one neuron to another
dendrites : pick up the impulses and pass through the cell body ( soma ) and out the tail of the neuron ( axon )
Neurons do not touch one another: the impulse must cross the synapse ( the junction between neurons ) via neurotransmitters.
- impulses pass more rapidly as learning takes place
IF the impulse cannot quickly pass along the axon because the coating on the axon is patchy, the patient would be diagnosed with multiple sclerosis

    - CENTRAL: brain and spinal spinal cord - divided into voluntary system and autonomic (involuntary) system

autonomic nervous system provides rapid response to a threat where we may need to run or defend ourselves : made up of parasympathetic and sympathetic 
           Sympathetic nervous system : responsible for release of glucose from the liver, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased respiration, and decreased genitourinary action (fight or flight) 
           Parasympathetic nervous system : creates reverse responses to help slow the body down (rest and digest)
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84
Q

BRAIN

A

the command center of the body –> receives information from the world, processes it, and sends out a response.

two hemispheres of convoluted tissue
Right hemisphere : controls the left side of the body
Left hemisphere : controls the right side of the body
hemispheres are joined together by tissue called : corpus callosum

Four main parts of the brain : the cerebellum , cerebrum, brainstem, and diencephalon
cerebrum : primarily for thinking and emotion
cerebellum : balance and movement
brainstem : made up of pons and medulla oblongata - responsible for basic life functions such as heartbeat , respiration, and blood pressure
diencephalon : contains structures responsible for alertness ( reticular formation ), body temperature ( hypothalamus ), long-term memory ( hippocampus ), and survival/animal brain ( limbic system )
both the right and left side can be broken down into frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe and parietal lobe

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85
Q

Lobes of Brain

frontal

A

emotions and personality

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86
Q

Lobes of Brain

parietal

A

math and logic

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87
Q

Lobes of Brain

temporal

A

processing spoken word

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88
Q

Lobes of Brain

occipital

A

processing visual information

89
Q

Nervous System Diseases

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges, membranes covering brain and spinal cord

Symptoms: nuchal rigidity (stiff neck) , fever, headache, vomiting

90
Q

Nervous System Diseases

hemiplegia

A

result of stroke

Symptoms: paralysis to one side of body

91
Q

Nervous System Diseases

paraplegia

A

result of severing of spinal cord in lower back or sacrum

Symptoms: inability to move legs, may have bowel and bladder dysfunction

92
Q

Nervous System Diseases

quadriplegia

A

result of severing of spinal cord in the upper thoracic or cervical area

Symptoms: inability to move arms and legs, may have respiratory dysfunction

93
Q

Nervous System Diseases

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

Symptoms: headache, fever, confusion

94
Q

Nervous System Diseases

cerebral vascular accident (stroke)

A

blockage of a vessel or bleeding into brain prevents oxygen getting to brain tissue

Symptoms: malfunction in the portion of the brain that is deprived of circulation ( slurred speech, paralysis, drooped facial muscles )

95
Q

Nervous System Diseases

herniated disc

A

protrusion of nucleus pulpous against the spinal cord

Symptoms: pain that radiated down leg

96
Q

Nervous System Diseases

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

deterioration of motor neurons

97
Q

Nervous System Diseases

poliomyelitis

A

viral infection that leads to weakened muscles

98
Q

Nervous System Diseases

transient ischemic attack

A

brief interludes of confusion that often precede CVA

99
Q

Nervous System Diseases

hydrocephalus

A

enlargement of head due to accumulated fluid in the ventricles of the brain

100
Q

Nervous System Diseases

expressive aphasia

A

inability to form words

101
Q

Nervous System Diseases

receptive aphasia

A

inability to understand what is being said

102
Q

Nervous System Diseases

epilepsy

A

abnormal electrical activity of the brain

103
Q

Nervous System Diseases

cerebral palsy

A

damage to the brain that causes motor or balance problems

104
Q

Nervous System Diseases

intracerebral hematoma

A

accumulation of blood within the brain tissue due to trauma to head or spontaneous rupture of blood vessel

105
Q

Nervous System Diseases

subdural hematoma

A

accumulation of blood due to tear in meningeal layer

106
Q

Nervous System Diseases

concussion

A

headache, vomiting, damage to brain tissue due to closed head trauma

107
Q

Nervous System Diseases

alzheimer’s disease

A

progressive degeneration thought to be due to plaque and tangles of brain tissue leading to regression of ability to think

108
Q

Nervous System Diseases

parkinson’s disease

A

progressive neurological disease with resulting tremors, shuffling gait and rigidity

109
Q

Nervous System Diseases

multi-infarct dementia

A

brain damage from chronic ischemia

110
Q

Nervous System Diseases

bell’s palsy

A

temporary facial paralysis caused by virus damaging vii cranial nerve (facial)

111
Q

Nervous System Diseases

trigeminal neuralgia

A

severe spasm of V cranial nerve (trigeminal)

112
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

olfactory

A 
name: I 
function : carries impulses for smell
113
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

optic

A 
name : II 
function : carries impulses for sight
114
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

oculomotor

A 
name : III 
function : controls eye movement
115
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

trochlear

A 
name : IV 
function : controls eye movement
116
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

trigeminal

A 
name : V
function : carries sensation from eye, upper and lower jaw; movement of of jaw
117
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

abducens

A

name : VI

functions : controls facial expressions, controls salivary and tear glands, carries taste

118
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

facial

A 
name : VII 
function : carries taste, controls facial expression
119
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

vestibulocochlear

A 
name : VIII
function : carries hearing and controls equilibrium
120
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

glossopharyngeal

A 
name : IX
function : carries taste, controls swallowing and gag
121
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

vagus

A 
name : X
function : controls voice box, throat, and digestive juices ; longest nerve; goes to abdominal cavity
122
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

spinal accessory

A 
name : XI 
function : controls muscles in neck and larynx
123
Q

Cranial Nerves and Functions

hypoglossal

A 
name : XII 
function : controls muscles of tongue
124
Q

EYES

A

an orb covered in tough white tissue (sclera)
front of orb, a clear window in the sclera allows light to enter eye (cornea)
passes through cornea and through a lens, which focuses light on fovea centralis
rods : are specialized receptors that are sensitive to night, shades of gray and peripheral vision
cones : are specialized receptors that are stimulated by color and daylight
- simulation from these receptors in the retina is carried by the optic nerve to the brain
pupils : react to light (PERRLA–> notion made when pupils of the eye are equal in size, round, and either eye responds to a light being shined in it by contracting and the other pupil responds likewise)
iris : dilates or constricts the pupil in response to light

125
Q

Eye Diseases

myopia

A

nearsighted; cannot see objects in distance

126
Q

Eye Diseases

hyperopia

A

farsighted; cannot see up close

127
Q

Eye Diseases

presbyopia

A

“old eye”, lens loses elasticity

128
Q

Eye Diseases

astigmatism

A

irregular curvature of lens

129
Q

Eye Diseases

cataracts

A

cloudy lens

130
Q

Eye Diseases

conjunctivitis

A

redness and itching of conjunctiva; “pink eye”

131
Q

Eye Diseases

glaucoma

A

accumulation of fluid pressure and poor drainage of aqueous humor

132
Q

Eye Diseases

macular degeneration

A

abnormal blood vessel growth causing loss of central vision

133
Q

Eye Diseases

strabismus

A

“crosses eyes”, unable to focus independently of one another

134
Q

Eye Diseases

nystagmus

A

repetitive and involuntary movement of eye

135
Q

Eye Diseases

blepharitis

A

eyelid and eyelash infection

136
Q

Eye Diseases

diplopia

A

double vision

137
Q

Eye Diseases

ambylopia

A

lazy eye causing other eye to lose some portion of vision

138
Q

Eye Diseases

chalazion

A

small, painless, localized swelling of eyelid

139
Q

Eye Diseases

hordeolum

A

purulent staph infection of hair follicle of eyelid

140
Q

Eye Diseases

enucleation

A

removal of eye

141
Q

Eye Diseases

keratitis

A

inflammation of cornea

142
Q

Eye Diseases

nyctalopia

A

inability to see at night

143
Q

Eye Diseases

pterygium

A

triangular thickening of conjuctiva

144
Q

EAR

A 
hearing is the result of sound in the form of vibration of air 
the pinna (outer ear) catches sound waves and directs them down the ear canal towards the tympanic membrane (ear drum) 
vibration is then passed on to the three bones of the ossicles (middle ear), the incus (anvil), malleus (hammer), and stapes (stirrup) pass vibration onto inner ear --> within the cochlea, small receptors called organ of corti are stimulated by the disturbance of vibration. the cochlear nerve is triggered to send an impulse to the brain to be interpreted as sound

conduction deafness : hearing can be interrupted by obstructions such as earwax or defective parts such as otosclerosis –> b/c of interference with the passage of sound waves or vibrations
sensineural deafness : in ability to hear caused by cochlear nerve or failure of brain to properly interpret sound

145
Q

Ear Diseases

otitis media

A

middle ear infection, often caused by URI

146
Q

Ear Diseases

otitis externa

A

outer ear infection, “swimmers ear”, caused by exposure to pathogens

147
Q

Ear Diseases

impacted cerumen

A

buildup of earwax until auditory canal is occluded

148
Q

Ear Diseases

otosclerosis

A

buildup of spongy bone and stiffening of stapes

149
Q

Ear Diseases

presbycusis

A

decrease in hearing receptors due to aging or abuse

150
Q

Ear Diseases

meniere’s

A

vertigo, dizziness, and hearing loss related to inner ear

151
Q

Ear Diseases

tinnitus

A

buzzing or ringing in ear/ears

152
Q

HEART AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A

the “highway system” of the body : made up of arteries, capillaries, and veins, collectively called vessels
hormones, nutrients and oxygen are three major products that must be circulated throughout the body and be delivered to various distant sites (circulatory system)
Arteries : thick and elastic; carry blood AWAY from heart are buried deep in the body’s tissue
Veins : fragile; RETURN blood to the heart are superficially located –> veins can suffer engorgement
and fill with blood if blood flow in the venous system slows (varicose veins or hemorrhoids)
Veins and Arteries join together at capillaries, one cell thick, in the capillary beds perfusion (passage of fluid to organs) takes place.
Oxygen, nutrients and hormones move into surrounding tissue and carbon dioxide and other waste is picked up and carried away –> principle of osmosis - substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

153
Q

HEART

A

the contractions of a double pump, pump blood through the circulatory system

atria (left & right ) : upper chambers of the heart
ventricles ( left & right ) : lower chambers of the heart

DEOXYGENATED blood is returned to the RIGHT side of the heart by the two largest veins of the body: the inferior/ superior vena cava.

the deoxygenated blood that collects in the RIGHT ATRIUM travels through the TRICUSPID valve and fills the RIGHT VENTRICLE.
valves keep the blood from flowing backwards
the blood then goes through the PULMONARY VALVE and out the PULMONARY ARTERY to the lungs. Oxygen is picked up in the lungs in the alveoli, where the walls of the capillaries are one cell thick.
The blood then carries the oxygen back to the heart through the PULMONARY VEIN and into the LEFT ATRIUM, after going through the BICUSPID VALVE the blood fills the LEFT VENTRICLE. The MYOCARDIUM (heart muscle) is the THICKEST around the LEFT VENTRICLE because it must push the OXYGENATED blood around the entire body. The blood is FINALLY pushed through the AORTIC VALVE and out the AORTA toward all portions of the body.

Atrial branches from the aorta take blood to the head (carotid artery) , arms ( subclavian artery ) and heart ( coronary artery ).

The blood from the coronary artery supplies needed blood to the heart muscle so it can contract 60 to 100 times per minute. Exercise, fever, and stress can increase heart rate.

154
Q

electroconductivity of the heart

A

the contracts of the heart are triggered by electrical simulation in the heart muscle.

The electrical impulses begin in the sinoatrial node ( SA node ) or pacemaker
The impulse spreads out through the heart and is slowed down in the atrioventricular node (AV node).
The Bundle of His separates the impulse so it can travel down the septum of the heart via right or left bundle branches.
Finally, the Purkinje fibers carry the impulse into the myocardium where it cause the myocardium to contract –> simulation for the ventricles to contract

155
Q

Atrial Depolarization/ Ventricular Repolarization

A

ECG –>

P wave : atrial depolarization ( atria contract )
QRS complex : ventricular depolarization ( ventricle contracts, hiding atrial relaxation )
T wave : ventricular repolarization ( ventricles relax)

156
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A

ischemia (lack of blood) to area of heart causes tissue death
treatment: bypass graft around blockage or angioplasty with stent to keep coronary arteries open

157
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

coronary artery disease

A

multiple areas with start of vessel disease (narrowing and strictures)

158
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

angina

A

ischemia during stress or exercise, unstable angina during rest
treatment : nitroglycerin, stop activity, stop smoking

159
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

arrhythmia

A

irregular heartbeat

treatment: medication, surgery, pacemaker, cardioversion

160
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

hypercholesterolemia

A

total cholesterol greater than 200 mg

treatment : diet and medication

161
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

hypertension

A

blood pressure elevated greater than 140/90 \

treatment : DASH diet, exercise, diet, medication, weight loss, stress reduction

162
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

peripheral vascular disease

A

narrowing or occlusion of vessels in legs and feet

treatment : bypass graft or medication

163
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

thrombus

A

blood clot

treatment : prevent clot from moving until dissolved

164
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

thrombophlebitis

A

blood clot and inflammation of veins

treatment : heparin, antibiotics, blood thinners, exercise, avoid immobility or construction of veins

165
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

arteriosclerosis

A

calcium and fibrous deposits inside vessels

treatment : aspirin or blood thinners ; surgery

166
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

atherosclerosis

A

fatty deposits inside vessels

treatment : change to low-fat, high fiber diet and increase exercise

167
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

murmurs

A

valvular disorder

treatment : valvular replacement in serious cases

168
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

congestive heart failure

A 
weak ventricle (either side); allows blood to back up; left side = SOB, frothy sputum, coughing; 
              right side = edema and cyanosis 
treatment : medication (lasix and lanoxin)
169
Q

Cardiac Diseases and Disorders

aneurysm

A

bulging wear spot in vessel

treatment : graft inserted into area and sutured above and below weak point

170
Q

BLOOD

A

composed of 55 % plasma (liquid) 45 % elements (corpuscles)
Plasma is made of 90 % water, protein ; such as hormones, antibodies, and clotting factors and nutrients ; such as fats, glucose, vitamins and minerals
Formed elements are ; red blood cells ( erythrocytes ), white blood cells ( leukocytes ), or platelets ( thrombocytes ).

Erythrocytes : disc- like without a nucleus; carry oxygen as well as blood type protein –> able to look for sugar residue in diabetic patients
Leukocytes : function to fight invaders and protect against infection. Identified through staining as granulocytes or agranulocytes –> by staining the granulocytes can identify white blood cell as neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil –> each can be prolific under certain circumstances, such as allergy or parasitic infestation
Thrombocytes : part of clotting process. they have no nucleus, part of chain to prevent blood loss when vessel is injured.
Hemostasis begins with the release of thromboplastin by the injured tissue, followed by conversion to prothrombin and thrombin.
In the presence of calcium, thrombin converts to insoluble fibrin and eventually into a clot

171
Q

Blood Disorders

thrombocytopenia

A

decreased number of platelets

symptoms : bruising, easy bleeding

172
Q

Blood Disorders

leukemia

A

unrestrained growth in white blood cells

symptoms : pale, weak, low-grade fever, malaise, weight loss

173
Q

Blood Disorders

anemia

A

not enough red blood cells

symptoms : shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, pale

174
Q

Blood Disorders

iron deficiency anemia

A

not enough heme for oxygen to bind to on red blood cells

symptoms : shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, pale

175
Q

Blood Disorders

pernicious anemia

A

lack of intrinsic factor in gastric juice

symptoms : mental changes, weak, stiff extremities

176
Q

Blood Disorders

sick-cell anemia

A

abnormal hemoglobin; red blood cell changes into sickle shape and gets tangled up, causing blockage and pain
symptoms : pain and swelling in joints of african american children

177
Q

Blood Disorders

polycythemia vera

A

red blood cell count is elevated because of living in high altitude or genetics
symptoms : phlebotomy is done at regular intervals

178
Q

Blood Types :

A

Type A has A antigens on the red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in plasma
Type B has B antigens on the red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in plasma
Type AB has A & B antigens on the red blood cells and no antibodies in plasma
Type O has no antigens on the red blood cells and both A & B antibodies in plasma

This makes type AB the universal recipient and Type O the universal donor
Rh factor is an inherited protein found on red blood cells if you have the Rh factor your are positive and if you are negative you do not have the Rh factor

179
Q

LYPHATIC SYSTEM

A

Primary function : protect body from foreign invaders
paired with veins the lymph vessels contract with skeletal muscle movement– help collect excess tissue fluid
The accessory organs of the lymph system are : the lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and spleen
The lymph nodes : trap bacteria and foreign body and destroy them. Two main lymph nodes are under the armpits and the inguinal area
May become enlarged and tender (lymphadenopathy)
Three sets of tonsils : palatine tonsils, the nasopharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and lingual tonsils (back of tongue) – these tissues assist in the development of speech and are protective barrier against infection

The thymus lies under the sternum and is the source of immunity in the first two years of life. After age two years the thymus gland begins to secrete thymosin to mature T-lympocytes that fight invaders. shrinks as we get older

The spleen lies in the left hypochondriac area and completes the duties of : filtering out bacteria from blood, destroys old red blood cells , stores iron, provides a reservoir of blood for an emergency, and produces phagocytes to fight foreign invaders
splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) occurs in syphilis, scarlet fever, typhoid, and typhus fever, infectious mononucleosis.

180
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

serves to convey oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide
major organs include the trachea, the bronchi, and the lungs.

Respiration takes place in two phases : inspiration and exhalation
Movement of the diaphragm changes the air pressure in the thoracic cavity and allows air to rush into the lung via the trachea.

The trachea consists of C-shaped rings of cartilage
the trachea bifurcates into two bronchi leading to the lungs.
The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes
Air travels through the lungs via bronchi and bronchioles and terminated in the ballonlike alveoli
It is in the alveoli that oxygen molecules move into the bloodstream and are returned to the left side of the heart
At the same time carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream crosses through the capillary and alveoli membranes, and begins the pathway back up the respiratory tract to be exhaled

181
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

sinusitis

A

infection of the epithelial tissue of sinus cavities

182
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

epistaxis

A

nose bleed

183
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

coryza

A

nasal discharge

184
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

influenza

A

inflammation of trachea, aches, pains , coughing , fever

185
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

pneumonia

A

air spaces filled with fluid due to viral, bacterial ,chemical or aspiration irritation

186
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

tuberculosis

A

caused by mycobacterium bacilli, night sweats, cough with bloody sputum

187
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

atelectasis

A

incomplete expansion of lung due to injury, mucus plug, cancer, or foreign body

188
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

asthma

A

spasm of bronchus and bronchioles due to allergy

189
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

hayfever

A

watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose

190
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

URI (upper respiratory infection)

A

viral or bacterial infection of eyes, ears, nose, and throat; coughing, sneezing and sore throat

191
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

pneumothorax

A

collapse lung due to non-patent lung (bleb) or trauma

192
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

hemothorax

A

collapse of lung due to pressure from bleeding or trauma

193
Q

Respiratory System Diseases

lung cancer

A

15-30 times more likely when smoking

194
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A 
secrete chemicals (hormones) that deliver messages through the bloodstream to distant tissues 
    the message directs the tissue to respond or perform and the endocrine gland monitors the response to determine whether additional stimulus is needed
195
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

anterior pituitary

A

location: base of brain
Hormones :
growth hormone (GH) – stimulates growth of long bone
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – stimulates growth of egg and in ovary or sperm in testes
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) – regulates skin pigment
leutinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates ovulation
thyroid stimulating hormone – stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine
prolactin – stimulates production of breast milk

196
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

posterior pituitary

A

base of brain
Hormones :
ADH – facilitates reabsorption of water in nephron of kidney
Prolactin – stimulates milk ejection and uterine contraction

197
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

pineal

A

center of the brain
Hormone:
melatonin – controls sleep/wake cycles

198
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

Thymus

A

behind sternum
Hormone:
thymosine – facilitates immunity by stimulating the growth of T- cells

199
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

Thyroid

A

neck

Hormone : thyroxine – stimulates metabolism

200
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

pancreas

A

abdomen

Hormone : insulin – assists sugar to go from bloodstream into tissue

201
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

adrenal glands

A

top of kidney
Hormones :
aldosterone – regulates sodium and potassium
cortisol – regulates fat metabolism and blood pressure

202
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

ovaries/testes

A

lower abdomen / scrotum
Hormones :
estrogen/testosterone – facilitates secondary sex characteristics

203
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

kidney gland

A

lower back
Hormone:
erythropoietin – monitors blood for oxygen level

204
Q

Components of the Endocrine System

parathyroids

A

imbedded in thyroid
Hormone :
parathyroid hormone – facilitates calcium into bloodstream

205
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

Food is ingested into the mouth, where it is mechanically broken down by 32 permanent teeth and the tongue – mixed with the salivary enzyme amylase, starch digestion begins.
Leaving the mouth the bolus of food moves into the pharynx where reflux swallowing (deglutition) forces it into the esophagus.
In the esophagus, food moves by peristalsis to the entry of the stomach, the cardiac sphincter –> sometimes this valve allows stomach tissue to slide through into the esophagus (hiatal hernia) other times the valve is not patent and digestive enzymes leak back up into the esophagus (gastrointestinal reflux disease or GERD)
In the stomach, gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsin to break down connective tissue in food. The stomach stores food and releases it in small amount as a substance called chyme.
Chyme passes into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter
Almost all digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine
In the first third of the small intestine (duodenum) : chyme is neutralized by alkaline secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Bile from gallbladder begin to breakdown fats
In the second two parts of the small intestine, the jejunum and the ileum, absorption of nutrients occurs through the villi of the small intestine
Amino acids (digested proteins), simple sugars and some fat components are absorbed directly into the blood capillaries located in the villi.
The liver has a variety of important functions in addition to the production of bile
- storage of sugar as glycogen
- formation of blood plasma proteins
- formation of urea from the metabolism of proteins
- modification of fats to promote their usefulness in the body
- detoxification of harmful substances such as alcohol and certain drugs
- storage of some vitamins and iron
The large intestines reabsorb water and stores and compacts waste
-elimination of solid waste is called defecation –stool called feces
Gaseous waste that is expelled through the rectum is called flatulence (fart)
and gas that escapes through your mouth is called eructation (burp)

206
Q

Digestive System Diseases

cirrhosis of liver

A

chronic scarring of the liver

207
Q

Digestive System Diseases

hemorrhoids

A

engorged and enlarged rectal veins due to increased intra-abdominal pressure

208
Q

Digestive System Diseases

constipation

A

hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass

209
Q

Digestive System Diseases

diarrhea

A

loose, watery stools

210
Q

Digestive System Diseases

petic ulcer

A

erosion of the mucus membrane of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum due to smoking, NSAIDS, alcohol, aspirin or helicobacter pylori

211
Q

Digestive System Diseases

irritable bowl syndrome

A

bowel is overly sensitive to stress, pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and rectal bleeding

212
Q

Digestive System Diseases

leukoplakia

A

thickened white patches in mouth

213
Q

Digestive System Diseases

cholelithiasis

A

stones formed from the substances in bile that have potential to block common bile duct and cause pain

214
Q

Digestive System Diseases

hepatitis A, B, C

A

inflammation of the liver that may be life threatening ;
hepatitis A – caused by fecal - food contamination
hepatitis B/C – caused by blood and body secretions

215
Q

Digestive System Diseases

pyloric stenosis

A

hardened, narrow lumen of the pyloric sphincter prohibits food from entering small intestines; symptoms include projectile vomiting, poor feeding and weight loss

216
Q

Digestive System Diseases

gingivitis

A

inflamed, bleeding pink tissue around teeth

217
Q

URINARY SYSTEM

A

Eliminates metabolic waste from body; maintains appropriate levels of water; regulates acid-base balance (pH), blood pressure, and red blood cell production
Only 4 organs – kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra

Urine is formed by millions of nephrons located in the kidneys
The nephron has a portion shaped like a C called the Bowmans capsule where water and waste is filtered from the blood
Molecules small enough to pass through the glomerulus and the cells of the Bowmans capsule leave the blood and enter the renal tubule.
Before elimination as urine, the glomerular filtrate must be concentrated or too much water would be lost, resulting in dehydration
The pituitary gland hormone ADH causes the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle to become more permeable so that water is reabsorbed
The kidneys process up to 180 liters filtrate each day to create about 1 to 1.5 liters of urine.
The ureters drain the urine from the kidney to the holding area — the bladder
The urethra carries the urine to the urinary meatus for excretion. Urination (micturition, voiding) is controlled by an involuntary internal sphincter muscle and a voluntary external urethral sphincter.

Urinary tract infections or UTIs affect women 10x more than men– because we have a shorter urethra – but even more so b/c of the proximity of the female urethra to the anus
glomerulonephritis – inadequately treated strep infections and presets with abnormal constituents in urine such as albumin (albuminuria), pus (pyuria), glucose (glycosuria), or blood (hematuria)
Kidney stones are formed from excessive calcium or oxalates – may cause painful blockages in ureters

218
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

A

human reproduction requires the union of specialized male and female sex cells: the sperm and the egg

Sperm develop within the seminiferous tubules of the testes
testosterone influences sperm cell development and also produces the male secondary sex characteristics : lower voice, male hair patterns, and the development of broader shoulders than hips.
Sperm travels out of the body through a series of ducts that include : the epididymis, ductus deferens (vas deferns), ejaculatory duct and urethra – they are transported in semen which is composed of secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands — semen nourishes the sperm, neutralizes the acidity encountered in the male urethra and female vagina – and serves as a lubricant to the reproductive tract during sexual intercourse

Circumcision reduces the risk of HPV and phimosis (overly tight foreskin)
Undescended testicles are called cryptorchidism and may cause sterility unless corrected by school age
Testicular cancer is common in young men 15-25 years – detected through testicular self exam
Surgery of one testicle does not significantly affect fertility
Prostate cancer is common in older men age 50 + – retected by digital rectal exam or PSA exam (prostatic specific antigen) is a blood test and fairly accurate.

Female :
the ovary forms the egg.
Each month, under the effects of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) , at least one ovum matures within the follicle of the ovary
The mature egg travels down the fallopian tube , if fertilization occurs, it most often occurs in the outer third of the fallopian tube
Until implantation the developing tissue is called a zygote – the estrogen produced by the cells of the follicle’s membranous wall causes the endometrium of the uterus to begin preparation for pregnancy
The conversion of the ovarian follicle into the corpus lutetium produces a large amount of progesterone for 11-12 weeks
Under the influence of progesterone a fertilized egg implants into the uterus
- From this point until 8 weeks this will be called an embryo
Eventually the placenta forms and provides oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus
Pregnancy lasts 280 days
Twins
identical - one fertilized egg spilts into two fertilized eggs
fraternal - two eggs are fertilized
From three months until birth the developing tissue is called a fetus
Common disorders of pregnancy :
-hypertension and spilling of protein called preeclampsia and may lead to maternal seizure (eclampsia)
- placenta previa is bleeding that occurs as the cervix dilates because the placenta is implanted low near the cervix
- abruptio placenta is the sudden, violent separation of the placenta that places both mother and fetus at risk for hemorrhage

When fertilization does not occur, the corpus lutetum gradually atrophies, hormone levels decline and menses begins. The length of a menstral cycle varries but it is usually 28 days

PA SCHOOL (6 decks)

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