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Developmental And Stem Cell Biolody > Body plan (part 3) > Flashcards

Body plan (part 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What structures does the ectoderm develop into

A

epidermis, CNS and neural crest

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2
Q

What does the endoderm develop into

A

GI tract and the liver

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3
Q

What structures does the mesoderm develop into

A

blood, bone, muscle kidney and the gonad

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4
Q

What does the animal cap ectoderm have bipotency for

A

epidermal cells or neural ectoderm

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5
Q

How is epidermal or neural ectodermal lineage determined

A

by signals from the mesodermal notochord, prechordal plate and anterior endoderm

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6
Q

What are the stages of neurulation

A
  • ectodermal cells overlying the notochord become transformed into the neural plate
  • ectoderm on either side of the notochord thickens to form neural folds
  • neural folds invaginate into the interior of the embryo, rolling up the neural plate to become the neural tube
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7
Q

What stages of development do different species begin developing differently

A

late stages, when class and species specific features are established

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8
Q

What is neural induction

A

when ectodermal cells become specialised to become the neural progenitor cells that constitute the neural plate

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9
Q

Where do the neural-inducing signals come from

A

the organiser, just before gastrulation

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10
Q

Where do neural inducing signals come from after gastrulation

A

from the extending notochord and prechordal plate

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11
Q

What are BMPs

A

a member of TBG beta family that repress neural differentiation. act as autocrine signals that induce differentiation of the ectoderm into epidermis

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12
Q

What happens to ectodermal cells in the absence of BMP

A

differentiate into neural cells

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13
Q

What do the organiser, notochord and prechordal plate secrete and why?

A

proteins such as chordin, noggin, follistatin, cerberus and Xnr3 that inhibit B,P signalling and result in neural specification of ectodermal cells

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14
Q

How do BMPs work

A

activate via membrane cell receptors with serine/threonine kinase activity. regulated by kinase phosphorylation. when phosphorylated = active and genes are trancribed. activates SMAD transcription factors

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What does the neural tube along the anteroposterior axis divide into?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions

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17
Q

What does the spinal cord divide into along the dorsoventral axis?

A

Roof plate, dorsal and ventral interneurons, motor neurons, floor plate Abscence

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18
Q

The neural tube becomes patterned after neuralation along the anteroposterior axis, how?

A

Gradients of Wnts, FGFs and retinoic acid

19
Q

What does the posterior neural tube differentiate into?

A

The spinal cord

20
Q

How many progenitor domains are there? How do the domains become divided?

A

Neural progenitors receive signals to subdivide the neural tube into 11 progenitor domains

21
Q

What are the 11 progenitor domains?

A

6 Dorsal interneurons subtypes (D1-D6), 4 ventral interneurons subtypes (VO-V3) and all spinal motor neurons (MN).

22
Q

How are ventral cell types generated in the posterior neural tube?

A

If the notochord is removed, the floor plate (FP) , motor neurons (MN) and most ventral interneurons do not form. Notochord produces signals that induce formation fo the floor plate and ventral neuronal cell types

23
Q

What is Shh?

A

A vertebrate homologoue of the hedgehog gene of drosophila. It is expressed in many regions associated with developmental signalling including the notochord and floor plate.

Autocleaves into N and C terminal

24
Q

At a low concentration of Shh-N are dorsal or ventral interneurons made?

A

Dorsal

25
Q

At high concentrations of Shh-N are more dorsal or ventral interneurons formed?

A

Ventral

26
Q

What does the knockout of Shh in transgenic mice lead to?

A

The Abscence of floor plate
Abscence of motor neurons and most ventral interneurons

27
Q

What is Shh-N produced by?

A

Notochord and floor plate

28
Q

What is organogenesis

A

transforming an amorphous mass of cells into a complete organ

29
Q

How do adherens junctions form

A

due to interactions between cadherin proteins

30
Q

How is the cytoplasmic portion of the cadherin protein linked to the actin cytoskeleton

A

via catenins which form like-with-like interactions

31
Q

How are different cell types sorted

A

based on their different adhesive properties

32
Q

What causes different adhesive properties between cell types

A

different expression of cell adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin and adherens junctions

33
Q

What specifies the mesoderm and endoderm in veretebrates

A

nodal

34
Q

What determines the subdivision of the endoderm in different organ primordia

A

TF code

35
Q

What is liver zonation

A

hepatocytes around the central vein differ from those around the portal vein = hepatocyte heterogeneity which allows different gene expression and different metabolic functions despite their morphology being the same

36
Q

How is the liver bud developed

A

through the EMT transition of hepatoblasts

37
Q

What does a high concentration of nodal/activin signalling specify?

A

the mesoderm and endoderm

38
Q

What does FGF and BMP specify?

A

hepatoblasts - liver cell precursors

39
Q

Describe the stages of how liver bud cells can be induced from pluripotent stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cell treated with activin to develop mesoderm and endoderm
further high expression of activin creates the definitive endoderm
expression of FGF and BMP produces hepatoblasts
expression of HGF, Dex and OSM produces hepatocytes

40
Q

What is an organoid

A

collection of organ-specific cell types that develop from stem cells of organ progenitors and self-organises through cell sorting and spatially restricted lineage management

41
Q

What stages turn a differentiating pluripotent stem cell into an organoid

A

cell sorting and lineage commitment

42
Q

How can vascularised functional human liver organoids be made in the lab?

A

using iPSC-derived hepatocytes and growing them in a culture with HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) and MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells). this allows the organoids to grow extensive vascular trees

43
Q

What is a weakness of using iPSC/ESC derived hepatocytes?

A

they are immature cells so have partial functionality

44
Q

How can we apply knowledge regarding developmental stem cells

A

in disease modelling
drug safety and efficacy testing
organ replacement therapy
liver organoids for toxicology screens
bio banking of organoid cultures
research on disease and genetics

Developmental And Stem Cell Biolody (7 decks)

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