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Gross & Applied Anatomy I > Body Organization & Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Body Organization & Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Body anatomical regions

A

Contains 3 general regions:
Head/Neck
Trunk
Extremities

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2
Q

Head/Neck

A

Skull - Cranial region

Neck - Cervical region

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3
Q

Trunk

A 
Contains 4 general regions:
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Perineum
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4
Q

Thorax

A

Interval between the base of the neck and the xiphoid process.
Anterior - pectoral region
Posterior - superficial back/scapular region

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5
Q

Abdomen

A

Interval between the xiphoid process and the os innominate.
Anterior wall - umbilical region
Posterior wall - lumbar region
Inguinal region - region between abdomen and pelvis

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6
Q

Pelvis

A

Interval between the os innominate and the urogenital/rectal hiatuses.
Inguinal region
Little representation on outer body wall; pelvic cavity.

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7
Q

Perineum

A

Region between thighs and buttocks, inferior to pelvis.
Urogenital region
Anal region

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8
Q

Extremities

A

Upper limb, not arm!

Lower limb, not leg!

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9
Q

Upper Limb

A

Distinguish the following regions:

Shoulder, axillary, brachium/arm, cubital fossa, antebrachium/forearm, carpus, hand/manus, digits.

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10
Q

Lower Limb

A

Distinguish the following regions:

Gluteal region, inguinal, femoral/thigh, popliteal fossa, crus/leg, tarsus/ankle, pedis/foot, digits

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11
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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12
Q

Brachium/Arm

A

Biceps region

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13
Q

Cubital Fossa

A

Anterior of elbow

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14
Q

Antebrachium

A

Forearm

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15
Q

Carpus

A

Wrist region

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16
Q

Manus

A

Hand

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17
Q

Upper limb digits

A

Fingers

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18
Q

Gluteal region

A

Glutes/Butt

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19
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin region

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20
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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21
Q

Popliteal fossa

A

Back of the knee region

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22
Q

Crus

A

Distal leg, calf

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23
Q

Tarsus

A

Ankle

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24
Q

Pedis

A

Foot

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25
Q

Lower body digits

A

Toes

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26
Q

Two developmentally distinct regions of body

A
  1. Axis

2. Appendicular

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27
Q

Axis

A

Develops first as an embryo; head to tail region.
Head
Neck
Vertebral column
Ribs
*Does not include limb “girdles” (pelvis, scapula)

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28
Q

Appendicular

A

Limb girdles and limbs.

It is how the limb is attached to the axis.

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29
Q

Normal position

A

Anatomical position.

Always assume this position unless noted otherwise.

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30
Q

Prone

A

Facing down, laying on pelvis

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31
Q

Supine

A

Facing up, laying on spine. Toes are pointing both standing or laying.

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32
Q

Saggital Plane

A

Separates body left and right.

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33
Q

Midsaggital plane

A

Separates body exactly in half, left and right. Divides the parietal bones.

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34
Q

Parasaggital plane

A

Any other left/right cut down the body to the lateral sides of the midsaggital.

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35
Q

Corononal/Frontal plane

A

Separates front and back of body.

*Different in embryo due to corneal change of bone.

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36
Q

Horizontal/Transverse plane

A

Divides the body in half, top and bottom. Is parallel to the floor.

37
Q

Ventral

A

Front of body

Especially use for embryos

38
Q

Dorsal

A

Back of body

Especially use for embryos

39
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head.

Works well for axis region.

40
Q

Inferior

A

Towards feet or tail.

Works well for axis region.

41
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the trunk.

Reserved for limbs.

42
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the trunk.

Reserved for limbs.

43
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

*Not appropriate for bipeds.

44
Q

Caudal

A

Tail

*Not appropriate for bipeds.

45
Q

Anterior

A

In front of body

46
Q

Posterior

A

In back of body

47
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

48
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

49
Q

Superficial

A

Near the surface

50
Q

Deep

A

Further internally

*Visualize a pin transecting layers

51
Q

Palmar

A

Palm of the hand

52
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of the foot

53
Q

Peripheral

A

Towards the edge or outside

54
Q

Origin of connective tissue components of the body

A
  1. Gastrulation
  2. Notochord formation
  3. Neurulation
  4. Mesodermal organization
  5. Neural crest
55
Q

Embryonic Period

A

Characterized by 3 events: gastrulation, notochord formation, and neurulation.

56
Q

Gastrulation

A

Specialized cells are here to form spinal cord, etc…
The process which establishes all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). Occurs while embryo is in form of a disc with ectoderm sitting on amniotic sac.

57
Q

Notochord formation

A

2nd event in embryonic period for connective tissue origin. A patch of mesoderm. Cells generally hypertrophy as they become specialized.

58
Q

Neurulation

A

The cells of the neural plate are induced to invaginate and form the neural tube.
Neural plate/crest > neural fold > neural tube.

59
Q

Mesodermal organization

A

Newly formed mesodermal germ layer becomes organized into different regions during development. A portion becomes somites which are destined to become various axial tissues.
Connective tissues, bones, blood, blood vessels.
Evagination occurs as well, and cells break off into liver, spleen, etc.

60
Q

Neural crest

A 
As the neural folds fuse, a portion of the neuro-ectoderm begins to lose affinity for the forming tube. This population of cells forms a mass called Neural Crest. A new rise of neural crest cells form, as well as dorsal root ganglia in the embryo. Other crest cells migrate away and give rise to:
Schwann cells
Meninges
Contribution to pigment cells
Adrenal medulla
Autonomic ganglia
Parts of head musculature
Other tissue
61
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost.

Gives rise to lining of digestive and respiratory tracts.

62
Q

Primary Induction

A

When neural crest cells invaginate or sink into the core.

63
Q

Primary Induction

A

When neural crest cells invaginate or sink into the core.

64
Q

CT Structures of body

A 
Usually refers to fibrous tissues.
Dermis
Hypodermis
Fascia
Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
Cartilage
Bone
65
Q

Dermis

A

Dominated by Type I collagen fibers, with very tight tension. Fibers in all different directions.
Vascular part of integument, high density of collagen and elastic fibers, wrinkles due to breakdown of elastic fibers.

66
Q

Hypodermis

A

Loose connective tissue (ex: areolar). Sometimes adhesive and appear as a spiderweb which can be entrenched in adipose tissue.
Serves as padding
Found between layers of tissues or organs
“Superficial fascia”
Punctuated by frequented spaces, filled with usual structures or fat.
Collagen fibers with elastic fibers mixed in.
Tight over palms and soles of feet.
Loose in neck and back of arm.

67
Q

Fascia

A

“Catch all” term.
Does not include hypodermis/superficial fascia, but does include deep fascia.
Forms sheets or layers between structures.

68
Q

Tendons

A

Densely packed with collagen.
Attach muscle to bone.
Sharpey’s Fibers

69
Q

Ligaments

A

Densely packed with collagen.

Attach bone to bone.

70
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Densely packed with collagen.
A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment.

71
Q

Cartilage

A

Functions to resist compression mainly and tension secondarily.
Usually found at bony articulations.
Matrix formed by chondroblasts & chondrocytes
Internally avascualar
No neural supply

72
Q

Cartilage

A

Functions to resist compression mainly and tension secondarily.
Usually found at bony articulations.
Matrix formed by chondroblasts & chondrocytes
Internally avascular
No neural supply
Is ideal for growth under compressive conditions.
Can grow by surface apposition of interstitial growth.

73
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

74
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Contains collagen fibrils
Found in tracheal rings, synovial joints, cranial base, epiphyseal plates.
Consists of shaft of collagen & ground substance, surrounded by perichondrium (which secretes chondroblasts).

75
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Contains collagen fibrils
Found in tracheal rings, synovial joints, cranial base, epiphyseal plates.
Consists of shaft of collagen & ground substance, surrounded by perichondrium (which secretes chondroblasts).

76
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Contains collagen fibrils

Found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci.

77
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Mainly elastic fibers

Found in external ear, alar cartilages.

78
Q

Bone

A

Very fibrous to bend and resist fractures.
Is an organ!
Functions: support muscles, mobility, protect viscera, and facilitate movement.
Red marrow forms RBC, WBC, and platelets.
Stem cell source
Storage of marrow, fat, and minerals (Ca++, K)
Very vascular and has neural supply

79
Q

Cross Section of Bone

A 
Cortex (cortical, compact)
Cancellous or spongy
Trabeculae
Periosteum - has cells that become osteoblasts
Endosteum - can produce bone cells
80
Q

Blood supply to bone

A

Periosteal arteries
Epiphyseal arteries
Nutrient arteries (cortex, endosperm)
Anastmoses

81
Q

Morphological types of bones

A 
Classification according to:
development, shape, location/region.
Long bones
Flat bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Sutural or wormian bones
82
Q

Long bones & parts

A

Ex: humerus, fibular, clavicle
Parts: Epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, medullary cavity.
Line by endosteum. Have epiphyseal growth plate of hyaline cartilage in sub-adults.
Articular cartilage at the ends (hyaline).

83
Q

Flat bones

A

Ex: bones of the cranial vault, sternum, ribs, scapula). All are compressed.
Two outer compact surfaces with intervening marrow space.

84
Q

Short bones

A

Ex: carpals, tarsals

Can have ossification centers that make them longer

85
Q

Irregular bones

A

Ex: mandible, hyoid, vertebrae

86
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Ex: patella
Ossifies over time; once ossified, called a bone.
Small bones located within a tendon.

87
Q

Sutural or wormian bones

A

Ex: the extra islands of bone within a cranial suture.

May not serve a functional role, but develop due to excessive tension or ossification mishaps.

88
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Part of long bones.

Contains red or yellow marrow and cancellous bone.

Gross & Applied Anatomy I (6 decks)

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