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Review For Exam 2 > Body Organization and the Integumentary System > Flashcards

Body Organization and the Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells of similar type that work together to

serve a common function

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2
Q

What are the 4 primary tissue types in humans?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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3
Q

Epithelial tissue ____ the body surfaces

A

Covers

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4
Q

epithelial tissue lines ____ and ______

A

Cavities and organs

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue forms ____

A

Glands

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6
Q

What is an apical surface?

A

A free surface that may be specialized for protection,

secretion, or absorption

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7
Q

What is a basement membrane?

A

binds the epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue and helps the
epithelial tissue resist stretching

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8
Q

The three basic shapes of epithelial cells are?

A
  • Squamous epithelium
  • Cuboidal epithelium
  • Columnar epithelium
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9
Q

Simple Squamous epithelium has one layer of ____ cells

A

flattened

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10
Q

Simple Squamous epithelium location?

A

Lines blood vessels and alveoli (lungs)

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11
Q

Simple Squamous epithelium function?

A

Allows for diffusion of materials

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12
Q

Stratified Squamous epithelium has ______ layer of flattened cells

A

multiple

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13
Q

Stratified Squamous epithelium function

A

protection

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14
Q

Stratified Squamous epithelium location

A

on surface of skin, lining of mouth, esophagus, and vagina

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15
Q

Cuboidal epithelium has ____ shaped cells

A

cubed

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16
Q

Cuboidal epithelium specialized function

A

for secretion and absorption

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17
Q

Cuboidal epithelium Location

A

Lines the tubules in kidneys and in ovaries

and glands.

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18
Q

Columnar epithelium has tall, _____ shaped cells

A

Column

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19
Q

Columnar epithelium Specialized function

A

secretion and absorption

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20
Q

Columnar epithelium Lines the ________, _______ and the

____

A

small intestine, respiratory tract and the

uterus.

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21
Q

A gland is composed of _____ epithelial tissue

that secretes a product

A

cuboidal

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22
Q

______ glands secrete into ducts leading to body

surfaces, cavities, or organs

A

Exocrine

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23
Q

_________ glands lack ducts and secrete their
products, hormones, into spaces just outside the cells
but in the body

A

Endocrine

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24
Q

Connective tissues functions:

A

stabilize, bind and support other tissues.

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25
Q

Cells in connective tissue are usually separated

from each other by _______

A

extracellular material

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26
Q

fibers, carbohydrates are examples of ______

A

extracellular material

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27
Q

______ tissue cells secrete this

extracellular material.

A

connective

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28
Q

_________ tissue is the most abundant and widely

distributed tissue in the body

A

Connective

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29
Q

_______ connective tissue (areolar connective tissue,
adipose tissue) - Contains many cells and fewer,
loosely woven fibers

A

Loose

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30
Q

_______ connective tissue - (in ligaments, tendons,

dermis) Made of tightly woven fibers

A

Dense

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31
Q

What cells are found in the cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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32
Q

Where are chondrocytes located?

A

Lacunae

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33
Q

Where is cartilage located?

A

nose, ends of long bones, ribs, in joints,
outer ear, and between the vertebrae in the
backbone.

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34
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

support and protection (cushioning)

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35
Q

Bone is ____ connective tissue

A

Rigid

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36
Q 
Bone is made of hard matrix (strength) and protein fibers 
including \_\_\_\_\_ (strength and flexibility)
A

Collagen

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37
Q

A bone cell is called?

A

Osteocyte

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38
Q

Bone cells are found in the ____

A

Lacunae

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39
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  1. Protects and supports internal structures
  2. Facilitates movement along with muscles
  3. Stores lipids, calcium, and phosphorus
  4. Produces blood cells
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40
Q

What are the cells in areolar connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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41
Q

What are the protein fibers fibroblasts secrete?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers

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42
Q

What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?

A

Bind and Support

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43
Q

_____ connective tissue stores triglycerides?

A

Adipose

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44
Q

Adipose connective tissue stores _____

A

Triglycerides

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45
Q

Adipose connective tissue functions:

A

energy storage, insulation, cushioning for organs

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46
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue Location:

A

under skin, around kidneys and

heart

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47
Q

What cells are in dense connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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48
Q

Dense Connective Tissues Locations:

A

Tendons, Ligaments

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49
Q

Dense Connective Tissues Functions:

A

Attach bone to bone (ligaments)

Attach muscle to bone (tendons)

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50
Q

_______ is a liquid matrix of plasma, where elements of red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are
suspended

A

Blood

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51
Q

Blood transports various substances dissolved in _____

A

plasma

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52
Q

______ transports nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes;

fights infections

A

blood

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53
Q

Muscle tissue function:

A

 Body movement

 Movement of fluids through the body

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54
Q

Nervous tissue function

A

Conducts nerve impulses through the body

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55
Q

Three types of muscle tissue that vary in structure,

location, and whether voluntary or involuntary :

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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56
Q

Nervous tissue makes up the _____, ______, and

_______

A

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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57
Q

Nervous tissues consists of two types of cells:

A

neurons and neuroglia

58
Q

________ Generate nerve impulses and conduct them to other

neurons, muscle cells, or glands

A

Neurons

59
Q

______ Support, insulate, and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia

60
Q

Three types of cell attachments between cells:

A

Tight junctions, Gap Junctions, Adhesion junctions

61
Q

_____ junctions Form a leak-proof seal

A

Tight

62
Q

_____ junctions Resemble a riveted joint

A

Adhesion

63
Q

____ junctions Have small holes connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent
cells

A

Gap

64
Q

Tight Junctions are found :

A

between cells lining the urinary tract and intestines

65
Q

Adhesion junctions are found:

A

Found between skin cells

66
Q

Gap junctions are found:

A

Found between cardiac muscle cells

67
Q

____ junctions are found in the digestive tract

A

Tight

68
Q

_____ junctions hold adjacent cells together and allow tissues to be flexible

A

Adhesion

69
Q

____ junctions are found in the skin

A

Adhesion

70
Q

_____ junctions are channels between cells allowing rapid communication due to quick transfer of ions and small molecules between neighboring cells

A

Gap

71
Q

____ junctions are found in the heart muscle

A

Gap

72
Q

Which junction allows rapid communication between neighboring cells

  1. Tight
  2. Adhesion
  3. Gap
A

Gap

73
Q

Which junction prevent substances from leaking across tissues

  1. Tight
  2. Adhering
  3. Gap
A

Tight

74
Q

_____ is composed of two or more different tissues that work
together to perform a specific function

A

Organs

75
Q

______ are composed of organs with a common function

A

Organ system

76
Q

There are _____ major organ systems in the human

body

A

11

77
Q

membranes are sheets of ______ supported by _____

tissues

A

Epithelial, connective

78
Q

membranes cover ______ and ______

A

body cavities and organ surfaces.

79
Q

______ membranes line passageways that open to

the exterior of the body

A

Mucous

80
Q

______ membranes line the thoracic and abdominal

cavities and the organs within them

A

serous

81
Q

______ membranes line the cavities of freely

movable joints

A

Synovial

82
Q

______ membrane, skin, covers the outside of

the body

A

Cutaneous

83
Q

There are _____ main body cavities

A

Two

84
Q

The ventral cavity is _____ cavity and _____ cavity separated by the
_____

A

Thoracic, abdominal, diaphragm

85
Q

The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity are contained in the ____ cavity

A

Dorsal

86
Q

The integumentary system is composed of:

A

The skin and accessories

87
Q

What are the accessories of the skin?

A 
 Hair
 Nails
 Sweat glands
 Oil glands
 Wax glands
88
Q

The _____ is our largest organ

A

Skin

89
Q

Functions of the skin:

A 
• Protects against bacterial invasion, UV radiation, 
and physical and chemical stress
• Prevents water loss
• Regulates body temperature
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Receives stimuli
90
Q

The skin synthesizes vitamin ____

A

D

91
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

92
Q

Thin outer layer of the skin is called ?

A

Epidermis

93
Q

The thicker inner layer containing nerves, blood vessels,

and glands is called the _____

A

Dermis

94
Q

True or false the hypodermis is part of the skin

A

False, it is NOT part of the skin

95
Q

The layer of loose connective tissue just below the

epidermis and dermis is called the _____

A

Hypodermis

96
Q

The outer surface of the epidermis is made up of ______

A

dead skin cells

97
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis is composed of ______

A

Rapidly dividing cells

98
Q

Where do the protective properties of the epidermis come from?

A

Keratin

99
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

cells that produce the pigment melanin which protects the skin from UV radiation

100
Q

The dermis consists primarily of _______ tissue

A

Connective

101
Q

The ______ has blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles

A

Dermis

102
Q

____ and _____ are found in the lower layer of the dermis

A

Collagen and elastic fibers

103
Q

____ and _____ allows the skin to stretch and return to its

original shape

A

Collagen and elastic fibers

104
Q

Hypodermis also called ______ level

A

subcutaneous

105
Q

______ anchors skin to the tissues of other organ systems

that lie beneath

A

Hypodermis

106
Q

______ are sheets of hard keratinized cells forming a

protective covering for the fingers and toes.

A

Nails

107
Q

What are nails?

A

sheets of hard keratinized cells forming a

protective covering for the fingers and toes.

108
Q

______ are found in the dermis and where sebum is released to lubricate the hair.

A

hair follicles

109
Q

What are hair follicles?

A

found in the dermis and where sebum is released to lubricate the hair.

110
Q

Where are hair follicles found?

A

Dermis

111
Q

______ play a role in modifying body
temperature and have ducts that lead to a pore at
the surface of the skin.

A

Sweat glands

112
Q

What are sweat glands?

A

play a role in modifying body temperature and have ducts that lead to a pore at the surface of the skin.

113
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.

114
Q

______ secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair

A

Sebaceous glands

115
Q

These cells found in skin produce pigments

  1. Chondrocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Fibroblasts
  4. Osteocytes
A
  1. Melanocytes
116
Q

The ________ and ______ system, are mostly responsible for internal
communication

A

nervous and endocrine systems

117
Q

Homeostasis is maintained primarily through ________

A

negative feedback mechanisms

118
Q

What is a negative feedback mechanism?

A

• Corrective measures that slow or reverse variation
from a normal value
• Once the normal value is reached, corrective
measures cease

119
Q

What is positive feedback mchanism?

A

Cause a change that promotes continued change in

the same direction

120
Q

“Once the normal value is reached, corrective measures cease”

Is this statement a description of a positive or a negative feedback mechanism?

A

Negative

121
Q

Three components of Homeostatic mechanisms:

A

Receptor, control center, effector

122
Q

a _____ detects a change in the internal or

external environment

A

Receptor

123
Q

The _____ integrates the information coming from all receptors and selects an
appropriate response

A

Control center

124
Q

The brain is an example of which of the 3 homeostatic mechanisms?

A

Control Center

125
Q

The ____ carries out the response

A

Effector

126
Q

A muscle or gland is an example of which of the 3 homeostatic mechanisms?

A

Effector

127
Q

Regulating body temperature is an example of which of the two feedback mechanisms

A

Negative

128
Q

In the negative feedback mechanism of regulating body temperature what acts as the receptor, control center, and effector?

A

• Receptors = thermoreceptors
• Control center = hypothalamus, a region of the brain
• Effectors = sweat glands, blood vessels in the skin,
as well as skeletal muscles

129
Q

These epithelial tissues are found in the kidney tubules: simple ________ epithelium.
A. squamous
B. columnar
C. cuboidal

A

C. cuboidal

130
Q

These simple epithelial tissues have a specialized function of diffusion:
A. columnar
B. squamous
C. cuboidal

A

B. squamous

131
Q 
Glands that lack ducts and secrete hormones are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
  A. exocrine 
  B. endocrine 
  C. scent 
  D. mammary
A

B. endocrine

132
Q 
Which cells found are found in cartilage?
  A. melanocytes 
  B. osteocytes 
  C. chondrocytes 
  D. fibroblasts
A

C. chondrocytes

133
Q

Which cell to cell junction prevents substances from leaking across tissues?
A. gap
B. tight
C. adhesion

A

B. tight

134
Q

Which cell to cell junction is found in a high concentration in heart muscle?
A. adhesion
B. gap
C. tight

A

B. gap

135
Q 
Which membranes line the passageways that open to the exterior of the body, including those of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems in the body?
  A. basement 
  B. mucous 
  C. cutaneous 
  D. serous
A

B. mucous

136
Q 
Which of the following cavities contains the heart?
  A. pleural cavity 
  B. abdominal cavity 
  C. thoracic cavity 
  D. cranial cavity
A

C. thoracic cavity

137
Q 
Your skin is important in producing which of the following vitamins?
  A. vitamin A 
  B. vitamin D 
  C. vitamin B 
  D. vitamin C
A

B. vitamin D

138
Q

Which layer of skin is a thin outer layer comprised of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
A. dermis
B. hypodermis
C. epidermis

A

C. epidermis

139
Q 
The pigment that accumulates in the skin and protects you from sun damage is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
  A. sebum 
  B. melanin 
  C. carcinoma 
  D. melanocyte
A

B. melanin

140
Q 
The sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
  A. androgens 
  B. sweat 
  C. sebum 
  D. keratin
A

C. sebum

141
Q 
The ability of the human body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
  A. stabilization 
  B. positive feedback 
  C. homeostasis 
  D. regulation
A

C. homeostasis

142
Q 
The control center for maintaining a constant internal temperature is the:
  A. cerebrum 
  B. hypothalamus 
  C. hippocampus 
  D. cerebellum
A

B. hypothalamus

Review For Exam 2 (3 decks)

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