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Body Fluids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Fluid matrix, plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes)

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2
Q

Describe the morphology of plasma

A

It is a straw coloured, viscous fluid and constitutes about 55%of blood

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3
Q

What are the major proteins in plasma?

A

Fibrinogen (clotting), globulins (defence mechanism) and albumins (osmotic balance).

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4
Q

What are plasma made of?

A

90 - 92% water and 6-8% protein and minerals such as Na, Ca, HCO3, Cl etc.

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5
Q

What is the healthy composition of RBC in blood?

A

5 -5.5 million RBC/mm³

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6
Q

Write the morphological features of RBC .

A

It is red in colour, iron containing and has haemoglobin. It is devoid of nucleus and biconcave in shape.

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7
Q

What is the healthy composition of haemoglobin in blood?

A

12 - 16 gms in 100ml of blood

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8
Q

Where is RBC formed and destroyed?

A

Formed - red bone marrow, Destroyed - spleen

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9
Q

Write the morphological features of WBC.

A

Colourless (no haemoglobin), nucleated, present in 6000 - 8000 per mm³ of blood.

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10
Q

What are the two categories of WBC ?

A

Granulocytes and Agarnulocytes

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11
Q

What are the types of granulocytes and their features?

A

Neutrophils (60 - 65%) - phagocytic cells.
Basophils (0.5 - 1%) - secrete histamine, serotonin and heparin; involved in inflammation.
Eosinophils (2 - 3%) - resists infection and is associated with allergic reaction.

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12
Q

What are the types of Agarnulocytes and their features?

A

Lymphocytes (20-25) - two types_b and t forms, both are responsible for immune response.
Monocytes (6-8) - phagocytic cells

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13
Q

How are thrombocytes produced?

A

Cell fragments are produced by megakaryocytes (special cells in bone marrow).

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14
Q

What is the composition of platelets in blood?

A

1,50,000 - 3,00,000/mm³

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15
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Releases substances involved in coagulation and clotting of blood.
Reduction in it will cause clotting disorder.

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16
Q

How is clotting done?

A

Thrombokinase gets converted into prothrombin and further into thrombin. Thrombin leads to the activation of fibrinogen and the formation of scum.

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17
Q

What are the two methods for grouping blood?

A

ABO and Rh

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18
Q

What are antigens and anti-bodies?

A

Antigen - chemical that induces immune system
Anti bodies - proteins produced in response to antigens

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19
Q

What will happen if blood is mismatched during blood transfusion?

A

It will lead to the problem of clumping (destruction of RBC).

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20
Q

Write the donors compatibility to all the 4 groups.

A

A :
Antibodies - anti b
Antigen - a
Donors group - a,o
B:
Antibodies - anti a
Antigen - b
Donors group - b,o
AB:
Antibodies - nil
Antigen - a,b
Donors group - a,b,ab,o
O:
Antibodies - anti a and b
Antigen - nil
Donors group - o

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21
Q

Name the universal donor and universal recipient.

A

Universal donor - O
Universal recipient - AB

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22
Q

What are Rh antigens?

A

Observed on the surface of the RBC of nearly 80% of humans. (Present in Rhesus monkey).

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23
Q

What is erythroblastosis foetalis?

A

A special case when the Rh +ve blood of the foetus enters the Rh -ve blood of the mother. The mother’s blood will start producing Rh antibodies which will destroy the foetus blood leading to anaemia or jaundice.
Prevention: administration of anti Rh antibodies into the mother’s blood after the delivery of the 1st child.

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24
Q

What are fibrin?

A

A network of threads in which dead and damaged formed elements of blood are trapped.

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25
Q

How are thrombokinases formed?

A

They are formed by a series of Linked enzymic reactions (cascade process) involving factors present in plasma in an inactive state.

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26
Q

Which ions play an important role in clotting ?

A

Calcium ions

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27
Q

What is lymph ?

A

Fluid containing water with some water soluble substances moves out into the space between cells of tissues.

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28
Q

What occurs in the lymph fluid?

A

Exchange of nutrients, gas etc. between blood and cells.

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29
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

It collects the fluid and drains it back to the major veins.b

30
Q

Explain the morphology of lymph.

A

It is a colourless fluid with lymphocytes which are responsible for immune responses of the body.

31
Q

What are the two circulatory systems?

A

Open circulatory system and closed circulatory system

32
Q

Explain the open circulatory system.

A

Blood passes through the large vessels into open spaces called sinuses.
It is found in arthropods and molluscs.

33
Q

Explain the closed circulatory system.

A

Blood is circulated through a closed network of blood vessels.
It is found in annelids and chordates.

34
Q

What type of circulatory is found in
1) fish
2) amphibian
3) mammals

A

1) single circulation
2) incomplete double circulation
3) double circulation

35
Q

Explain incomplete double circulation.

A

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood and the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood, but in the ventricle both the bloods get mixed up.

36
Q

What is human circulatory system also called as?

A

Blood vascular system

37
Q

What does the human circulatory system consist of?

A

Muscular chambered heart, a network of closed branching blood vessels and blood.

38
Q

Explain about the heart.

A

Mesodermally derived organ situated in the thoracic cavity in between two lungs tilted slightly towards the left.

39
Q

What is the heart protected by?

A

Double walled membraneous bag called the pericardium enclosing pericardial fluid.

40
Q

What does mesodermally derived organ indicate?

A

It indicates that it has three layers
Hectoderm, Indoderm and Mesoderm

41
Q

What are the septums present in the heart?

A

Inter atrial septum - thin muscular wall separating the left and right atrium.
Inter ventricular septum - thich walled and separate right and left ventricle.
Atrio ventricular septum - thick fibrous tissue separating the atria and ventricle.

42
Q

What are the valves present in the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve - opening between right atrium and ventricle.
Bicuspid valve - opening between left atrium and ventricle.
Semilunar valve - opening of left and right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and aorta.

43
Q

What are the nodal tissues (cardiac musculature) present in the heart?

A

Sino-atrial node (SAN) : patch of tissue in right upper corner of right atrium.(pacemaker)
Atrio-Ventricular node (AVN) : mass of tissue in the lower left corner of the right atrium.
Bundle of His or AV bundle : From AVN to the top inter ventricular septum and divides into right and left. This gives rise to a threat-like structure called Purkinji fibre.

44
Q

What does it mean by auto excitable?

A

Ability to generate action potential without an external stimuli

45
Q

How much potential can SAN generate in 1 minute and what is it responsible for?

A

70-75 potential and are responsible for initiating and maintaining the rhythmic contraction.

46
Q

What is the normal heart rate?

A

70-75 i.e. 72 times per minute

47
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

SAN generates action potential which stimulates the atrium to contract thus opening the tricuspid and bicuspid valve for the flow of blood to ventricle. This increases the flow by 30%.

48
Q

What is ventricular systole and atrial diastole?

A

AVN conducts action potential and the bundle of His transmits the blood throughout the ventricular musculature. It increases the ventricular pressure closing the tricuspid and bicuspid valve. This opens the semilunar valve.

49
Q

What is ventricular diastole?

A

The ventricle then returns to rest thus closing the semilunar valve and the bicuspid and tricuspid valve opens due to the pressure of blood in the atria.

50
Q

What is joint diastole?

A

When the ventricle and atria both are relaxed simultaneously.

51
Q

What is the duration of 1 cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 sec

52
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

During one cardiac cycle the ventricle pumps out 70ml of blood which is called the stroke volume.

53
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute (5L)
Stroke volume × heart rate = cardiac output.

54
Q

What are the prominent sounds during cardiac cycle ?

A

Lub - closure of bicuspid and tricuspid valve.
Dub - closure of semilunar valve.

55
Q

What is ECG?

A

Graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during the cardiac cycle.

56
Q

Where are the leads connected in a patient’s body?

A

1 to each wrist, 1 in the left ankle.
For a more detailed evaluation, multiple leads are attached to the chest.

57
Q

What do the different waves of ECG represent?

A

P - wave : excitation or depolarisation of atria.
Q,R,S complex : depolarisation of ventricle. (Determine heart rate)
T - wave : repolarisation or return of the ventricle to normal state.

58
Q

What are the three layers of arteries and veins?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

59
Q

What is the hepatic portal system?

A

It is the vascular connection between the digestive tract and the liver.

60
Q

Why is the heart called myogenic?

A

The heart is autoregulated by nodal tissues. Hence it is called so.

61
Q

What is ANS ?

A

Special neural centre in medulla oblangata moderate the cardiac function through autonomous nervous system.

62
Q

Explain the output of sympathetic neural signals and parasympathetic neural signals.

A

Sympathetic neural signals:
Increase in heart beat, cardiac output and ventricular contraction.
Parasympathetic neural signals:
Decrease in heart beat, cardiac output and ventricular contraction.

63
Q

What is hypertension?

A

It is the term used when blood pressure is higher than the normal level (120/80)

64
Q

What is the normal pumping pressure and resting pressure?

A

120 and 80 mm hg

65
Q

What causes hypertension?

A

When blood pressure is retained by 140/90 or high.

66
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

CAD or atherosclerosis affects the vessels that supply blood from heart to tissues.

67
Q

What is the cause of CAD?

A

Deposition of calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues

68
Q

What is angina?

A

AKA angina pectoris is a symptom of acute chest pain that occurs when no enough oxygen reaches the heart muscle.

69
Q

What is the cause of angina?

A

It occurs due to conditions that affect the blood flow.

70
Q

What is heart failure?

A

The state of heart when it is not pumping enough blood to meet the needs of the body. It is AKA congestive heart failure as congestion of lungs is one of the main symptoms.

71
Q

What is cardiac arrest and heart attack?

A

Cardiac arrest : when the heart stops beating.
Heart attack : when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by inadequate blood supply.

biology (4 decks)

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