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PHYG 209 > Body fluids > Flashcards

Body fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What process is responsible for relative constancy of the “Milieu Interieur”?

What is the importance of the “Milieu Interieur”

A

Homeostasis

*Maintaining health = constant milieu intérieur by homeostasis

  1. Environment surrounding individual cells is vastly different from external environment
  2. Internal environment remains relatively constant under conditions of health

*Milieu intérieur = ISF (fluid which percolates between individual cells)

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2
Q

What are the 4 aspects of body fluids?

A
  1. Volume
  2. Distribution
  3. Characteristics
  4. Functions

*All impact homeostasis

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3
Q

What is the importance of water in our body?

A

Most abundant single constituent –> 45% to 75%

  1. Solutes are dissolved
  2. Metabolic reactions take place

Also:
- Regulates body temperature
- Lubricates joints
- Moistens tissues
- Protects organs and tissues
- Caries nutrients, O2 to cells
- Helps flushing out wastes

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4
Q

What is responsible for this change of % of water between 45% and 75% from one individual to another?

A

Change in qty of fat from one person to another
Same qty (#L) for pretty much everyone but if a lot of fat, that qty in a smaller % of the body

Fat contains only 10% water Other tissues = around 75%

If exclude fat in calculus of water content, difference = insignificative

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5
Q

What are the standard values for physiological references?

What parameters can make these values change?

A

21 y-o, white, male, 70kg weight –> 60% water

Must adjust:
Age, sex, weight, race, ethnicity, lifestyle…

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6
Q

What happens with the % of water as we age?

And what is the difference between men and women?

A

It goes down
Babies –> 75% (no difference between boys and girls)
Adults –> 50% (women), 60% (men)
Elders –> 45% (women), 50% (men)
Reduces because tissues become dryer, loss of muscle mass (75% water)

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7
Q

Why is the % of water an important information on an individual?

A

When administrating water-soluble medication –> for good concentration

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8
Q

What is a “Dynamic Steady State”?

A

Body water remains CONSTANT in health –> total %
changes internally between different compartments

*Amount water that comes in = amount comes out (from external environment)

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9
Q

What are the sources of intake of water?

A
  • Oral fluid
  • Oral intake as food
  • Oxidative water from metabolism (body itself produces water)
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10
Q

What are the different losses of water ?
2 types

A

Obligatory:
Whatever comes in, this goes out
- Lungs (insensible)
- Skin (insensible)
- Kidneys (sensible, bare min to flush out wastes)
- Stools (sensible, bare min to flush out wastes)

Facultative:
Depends on intake
- Kidneys –> Urine
Kidney = major homeostatic organ of water balance

Sweat –> not in a category

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11
Q

What is the difference between perspiration (obligatory loss) and sweating?

A

Insensible Perspiration:
- Pure water
- Passive evaporation (no energy required)
- Entire skin surface (even when lacking sweat glands)
- Continuous

Sweating:
- Electrolyte solution
- Active secretion (requieres energy)
- Sweat glands (some people don’t have them so won’t sweat)
- Activated by heavy work and high temp

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12
Q

What is the normal turnover for water balance for an adult and an infant?

Which is one of them higher?

A

Adult: 3-4% of body weight

Infant: 10% of body weight –> greater surface to mass ration so molecule of water closer to skin + kidney less mature so more loss electrolytes (don’t give just water)

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13
Q

Why is it important thant the Body water volume stays constant to maintain health conditions?

A

Helps maintain normal solute concentration

Helps maintain normal blood volume and pressure

–> Aequate supply of O2 to tissues

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14
Q

What can by the causes of a negative water balance?

A

negative water balance = loose> intake

  1. Reduced intake
  2. Excessive loss from gut
  3. Excessive sweating
  4. Excessive loss in expired air (dry air at high altitudes)
  5. Excessive loss in Urine (Kidney problems)
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15
Q

What can be the causes of water “Intoxication”?

A

Water intake > loss

  1. Excessive intake
  2. Renal systme failure –> no way to get rid of excess water
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16
Q

What involves the dynamic steady state?

A

Exchanges between individual and environment
+
Internally, between different compartments

17
Q

What are the 2 body water main compartments? (%)
And their sub compartments?

A

Water = 60% body mass

Intracellular Fluid (2/3): 40% of body mass
(Homogenous for all type cells)

Extracellular Fluid (1/3): 20% or B.M.
2 Major: Plasma (5% B.M) + Interstitial Fluid (15% B.M.)
2 Minor: Lymph + Transcellular (negligeable % but important role)

18
Q

What is the difference between the capillaries and the lymphatic vessels?

A

Capillaries are continous, all connected

Lymphatic system has extremities

*ISF which goes into lymphatic system becomes lymph

19
Q

What is Transcellular fluid?
(minor subcompartment of ECF)

A

aggregate of small fluid volumes into body cavities (lined by epithelial cells) with specialized functions (important local role)

*Very localized, doesn’t contribute significantly to overall water exchanges, local changes do not affects body water balance!
Volume negligeable in body < 1-2%

examples:
- Intraocular (eye)
- Cochlear (ear)
- Synovial (articulation)
- Cerebro-spinal
- Pleural and pericardial
- Peritoneal
- Fluid in ducts of glands, bladder, etc.

20
Q

What in implied when we say compartments are in state of DYNAMIC equilibrium of body water?

A

Total volume = Constant
Relative Distribution = Constant

but water flows freely between them

21
Q

Which methods are used to determine compartments volumes?

A
  1. Direct –> weight with water, take all water out and weight again, caluclate difference
  2. Indirect –> Indicator Dilution Method
    When can’t calulate volume easy bc irregular shape compartment
    - Add qty
    - Wait for mix
    - remove a sample to calulate the concentration of the solution that was fist added

All we need to know:
- total qty of test substance
- concentration of substance/unit volume after dispersion

V = Q/c

22
Q

How can we know the volume of plasma in the body?

A

By indicator dilution Procedure:
1. Introduce Quantity (Q) of indicator
2. Wait to equilibrate
3. Remove a certain known volume
4. Cetrifuge to obtain Plasma
5. Measure concentration
6. Calculate V = Q/c

23
Q

How is the indicator chosen for the indicator dilution procedure?

A
  1. Non-toxic
  2. Diffuse readily
  3. Induces no changes in DISTRIBUTION of water between compartments
    *Does work if because of it, more fluid goes into cells
  4. Easy to measure

ex for total body water: has ot be able to cross the cell membrane and capillary membrane
D2O, T2O, Antipyrine
For ECF, substance can’t cross the cell membrane

24
Q

What indicators are usually chosen for ECF volume measurement?

What is the normal ECF value?

A
  • Radioactively labeled INULIN
  • Sucrose or Mannitol
    –> They don’t cross cell membranes

Normal EFC volume = 14L

25
Q

What can cause error in clinical situation for plasma measurment for example?

What is the normal plasma volume value?

A

correct for any amount which has been removed from body metabolism or excretion during mixing time

Normal plasma volume value = 3.5L

26
Q

How is ICF volume water is measured?

How is ISF measure?

A

ICF = Total body water - ECF

ISF = ECF - Plasma

*much easier to calculate plasma, total body water of ECF volume by indirect method

27
Q

What are the ionic differences between ICF and plasma?

A

ICF = high in K+ and Mg++ (low in Na+ and Cl-)

Plasma = high in Na+ and Cl- (low in K+)
0.9% NaCl (physiological saline)

28
Q

What are the units for :
1. amount (mass) of solute
2. Number of solute molecules
3. # of reactive units

A
  1. amount (mass) of solute = g% = g solute/dl (100mL water)
  2. Number of solute molecules = Mol = mol/L (convert if given in grams)
  3. # of reactive units = Molarity of Ions * Valency (# charges/unit volume)ex: Ca++ (valency = 2) has 2 equivalents/mol3
29
Q

On what depends the viability of a cell?

A
  1. Constancy of the Milieu Interieur
  2. Exchanges with internal and (ultimately) external environment

PHYG 209 (6 decks)

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